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Press any key to end Tutor session ͻȺ ywZ> Z>Z>Z>㐞)hZ>Z>Z>Z>Z> Z>Z>Z>Z>Z>Z>Z>㐞Z> Z>Z>Z>Z>Z>Z>Z>Z>Z> Z>Z>Z>㐞(*DTUT0 TUT)E㐞+E 㐞Error loading driver$TD DRVKB DRV       ENDSCROLLCAPSNUMCALCCIRCSTEPC㐞MD SST IIIIIIIIIVALUEPOINTMENU EDIT ERRORLABELREADYFIND HELP WAIT HLP㐞PRNWKSPICCNF`0 \"^'D  0GD DRVoLvLLLLLgLM;MFM`MhMFFormatSet global formatLabel-PrefixSet global label alignment prefix (Left, Right, Center)Column-WidthSet global column widthRecalculationNatural, Columnwise, Rowwise, Automatic, Manual, IterationProtectionTurn protection on or offDefaultDefine default disk and 㐞 printer settingsMMMMNNONYN|,N3NNNNaturalRecalculate in natural orderColumnwiseRecalculate in columnwise orderRowwiseRecalculate in rowwise orderManualRecalculate only by commandAutomaticRecalculate every time the worksheet is changedIterationSet iteration countNN1NNSSetSet width of current columnResetUse global column widthOOO#OEnableTurn protection onDisableTurn protection offEnter column width (1..72): Enter global column width (1..72): Enter it㐞eration count (1..50): Illegal iteration countZ>Z>Z>㐞$X0XAX\X0XzXXXXXXX YY1YTYjY|YYYYYYYZ%Z?Z[ZtZZZZZZ[[0[T[_[[[[[ \-\G\Memory fullFormula too longNot a valid worksheet fileIllegal cell or range addressWorksheet fullInput line too long (240 characters max)Disk fullPart of file is missingCannot create fileFile does not existFile close errorCannot delete fileIllegal disk nameNo files of specified type on diskCannot read help fileNumber stack fullRang㐞e name already existsRange name does not existIllegal file formatPrinter errorIllegal menuIllegal formulaKey column outside of sort rangeIllegal number inputFormula computation errorUnrecognized key name {...}Too many fields (32 max)Too many records for output rangeNamed range not found in worksheet fileProtected cellSystem errorDisk is write protectedDisk drive not readyDisk errorNo unprotected cells in rangeIllegal "\nnn" code in setup stringCtrl-BreakMissing or illegal configuration 㐞fileJustify range is full or line too longIllegal character in filenameIllegal /X command in macroToo many nesting levels in macro callsMacro return without macro callPart of combine file lostDirectory does not exist' / ' 7 < ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' #+#j#f#w#x#f#f#5d>)2ܴ|ܚR܋w#f#f#f#f#f#f#f#@ٽb/4Ehkk3LpLonn݃LLLpf#f#f#f#f#f#f#f#f#f#f#f#f#f#f#f######Ӣ#P$o%!%i%.%K%%%Z>㐞 ]^FSCP,???+GDDDT??&&&&&Error loading driver$PR DRVEnter name of file to combine: Enter name of file to retrieve: *``V.#a/a].Entire FileIncorporate entire file into worksheetNamed RangeIncorporate only a named range from file into worksheet{aa.aa.aa.Copy㐞Replace cells in worksheet with cell from fileAddAdd values from file to values in worksheetSubtractSubtract values from file from values in worksheetEnter range name: \㐞C1G0It2L1M2N2Q2Rg13333344 41d5d;dBdHdNdSdYd_d ddid mdsdyd ~ddddddd{UP}{DOWN}{RIGHT}{LEFT}{HOME}{END}{PGUP}{PGDN}{ESC}{DEL}{BS}{EDIT}{NAME}{ABS}{GOTO}{WINDOW}{QUERY}{TABLE}{CALC}{GRAPH}{?}Enter range: Enter name: Enter name to delete: Enter label range: e㐞e8ee:ee:ff6CreateCreate or modify a range nameDeleteDelete a range nameLabelsCreate names from a range of labelsResetDelete all range names9f?fz;ff;kfpf;ff;RightEach label in range names cell to its rightLeftEach label in range names cell to its leftUpEach label in range names cell above itDownEach label in range names cell below itv־vzEnter Fill range: Start: Step: Stop: 㐞PrinterCurrent Directory at Startup: Interface: Auto Line-Feed: Pause at end of page: YesNoLeft margin: Right margin: Top margin: Bottom margin: Page length: Setup string: hhFhhhHhh~Ei iH7i=Enter Input range: Enter Criterion range: Enter Output range: 㐞 qr\N)r3r{NUr\rNrrPrr2SrsSNsUstR|ssLssZNInputSet the range containing data recordsCriterionSet the range containing criteriaOutputSet the range to which extracted records are copiedFindHighlight each record matching criteriaExtractCopy all records that match criteria to Output rangeUniqueCopy all records that match criteria to Output range, eliminating duplicatesDeleteDelete all records that match criteriaRese㐞tCancel Input, Criterion, and Output rangesQuitReturn to READY modessZNttRCancelDo NOT delete any records, return to Data Query menuDeleteDelete records and contract Input rangeZ>Z>㐞Illegal column width(Thousands)(Millions)(Times 10EEnter address to go to: Enter range to protect: Enter range to unprotect: /+-@($#.0123456789(+-*/^=><#,Hz>Enter number of decimal places (0..15): Ill㐞egal number of decimal places||q@|K|qi|r|q||q||r||r!})} r@}E}rR}W}0rx}~}4r||q@|K|qi|r|q||q||r||r!})} r@}E}rR}W}0rFixedFixed number of decimal places (x.xx)ScientificExponential format (x.xxE+xx)CurrencyCurrency format ($x,xxx.xx),Commas inserted; negative values parenthesized (x,xxx.xx)+/-Horizontal bar graph format (+++ or ---)GeneralStandard format (x.xx or x.xxExx)PercentPercent format (x.xx%)DateDate formatsTextDisplay formula instead of valueResetUs㐞e global format}}Ar}}Er}~IrLeftAlign labels with left edges of cellsRightAlign labels with right edges of cellsCenterCenter labels in cells.~<~$rK~V~(r`~k~,r1 (DD-MMM-YY)Day-Month-Year2 (DD-MMM)Day-Month3 (MMM-YY)Month-Year/FLGLHLnn]NsO~s ^as Os1~s%qL0l2g #' $~%&'u((a )K*T-㐞.O@t~Mrtrv~|r Os O u OuO uOuOv/w\b=wˀЀ39)gm{|w!wWorksheetGlobal, Insert, Delete, Column-Width, Erase, Titles, Window, StatusRangeFormat, Label-Prefix, Erase, Name, Justify, Protect, Unprotect, InputCopyCopy a cell or range of cellsMoveMove a cell or range of cellsFileRetrieve, Save, Combine, Xtract, Erase, List, Import, DirectoryPrintOutput a range to the printer or a print fileGraphCreate a graphData㐞Fill, Table, Sort, Query, DistributionQuitEnd 1-2-3 session (Have you saved your work ?)큿"u!NoDo not erase the worksheet; return to READY modeYesErase the entire worksheetKN}NoDo not end 1-2-3 session; return to READY modeYesEnd 1-2-3 session (Remember to save your worksheet first)ۂ>06INfsxFillFill a range with numbersTableCreate a table of valuesSortSort data recordsQueryFind all data records satisfying given criteriaDistributionCalculate fre㐞 quency distribution of a rangeу؃?Edi8Ɋ„hh 3FormatFormat a cell or range of cellsLabel-PrefixAlign a label or range of labels (Left, Right, or Center)EraseErase a cell or range of cellsNameCreate, delete, or modify range namesJustifyAdjust width of a column of labelsProtectDisallow changes to a range if protection is enabledUnprotectAllow changes to a rangeInputEnter data into the unprotected cells in a rangeɅЅٵ#'-wHOqxIK㐞wGlobalSet worksheet settingsInsertInsert blank column(s) or row(s)DeleteDelete entire column(s) or row(s)Column-WidthSet display width of the current columnEraseErase the entire worksheetTitlesSet horizontal or vertical titlesWindowSet split-screen and synchronized scrollingStatusDisplay worksheet settings Label Column Avail Recalculation Format Prefix Width Memory ProtectMANUALAUTONATURALROWCOLUMNONOFFEnter Values range: 㐞Enter Bin range: yyy/zyyyyyyyyyyyy㐞||}46;}LNZ}cey}{}}}} {pu|~@E{&+|TypeSet graph typeXSet X-rangeASet first data rangeBSet second data rangeCSet third data rangeDSet fourth data rangeESet fifth data rangeFSet sixth data rangeOptionsLegend, Format, Titles, Grid, Scale, Color, B&W, Data-LabelsResetCancel graph settingsViewView the current graphQuitReturn to READY modeNameUse, Create, Delete, or Reset named graphsSaveSave the cu㐞rrent graph in a file for later printingËNj<|{"|7=;UseMake a named graph the current graphCreateSave the current graph as a named graphDeleteDelete a named graphResetDelete all named graphs$Ì~Q~#QW~nr~|GridSet horizontal and/or vertical grid linesFormatDraw lines or symbols in Line or XY graphsTitlesSpecify graph title or axis title linesScaleSelect scaling options (Auto, Manual, Format)ColorDisplay graph in colorB&WDisplay graph 㐞in black and whiteLegendSpecify data-range legendsData-LabelsSpecify label ranges corresponding to data rangesQuitReturn to Graph menu9;.[]W}Îҁ |ASpecify data-labels for A-rangeBSpecify data-labels for B-rangeCSpecify data-labels for C-rangeDSpecify data-labels for D-rangeESpecify data-labels for E-rangeFSpecify data-labels for F-rangeQuitReturn to Graph Options menuGNuz"&*CenterAlign center of labels with data pointLeftPlace 㐞label left of data pointAbovePlace label above data pointRightPlace label right of data pointBelowPlace label below data point+-3DFS]_svxӂASet legend for A-rangeBSet legend for B-rangeCSet legend for C-rangeDSet legend for D-rangeESet legend for E-rangeFSet legend for F-rangeEnter legend for A-range: Enter legend for B-range: Enter legend for C-range: Enter legend for D-range: Enter legend for E-range: Enter legend for F-range: Enter label range for A-range㐞 data: Enter label range for B-range data: Enter label range for C-range data: Enter label range for D-range data: Enter label range for E-range data: Enter label range for F-range data: [a뒥LinesDraw lines between data pointsSymbolsDraw symbols at data pointsBothDraw symbols at data points and lines between data pointsNeitherDisplay data-labels only$)48BENZlpLineLine graphBarBar graphXYXY graphStacked-BarStacked bar graphPiePie chart`~㐞~瓀~~FirstSpecify first graph title lineSecondSpecify second graph title lineX-AxisSpecify X-axis titleY-AxisSpecify Y-axis titleEnter X-axis range: Enter first data range: Enter second data range: Enter third data range: Enter fourth data range: Enter fifth data range: Enter sixth data range: Enter graph title, top line: Enter graph title, second line: Enter X-axis title: Enter Y-axis title: alHNClearDraw no grid linesHorizontalDraw horizontal grid㐞  linesVerticalDraw vertical grid linesBothDraw both horizontal and vertical grid linesEnter graph file name: *-3;MO}^`}oq~~$~3~B~Ėɖ|GraphCancel all graph settingsXCancel X-rangeACancel A-rangeBCancel B-rangeCCancel C-rangeDCancel D-rangeECancel E-rangeFCancel F-rangeQuitReturn to Graph menu 02-EG?Z\Qoqcu|GraphSet format for all rangesASet A-range formatBSet B-range formatCSet C-range formatDSet D-range for㐞matESet E-range formatFSet F-range formatQuitReturn to Graph Options menu}!X ScaleSet X-axis scalingY ScaleSet Y-axis scalingSkipDisplay every n-th cell in X range/Ș6=](/ـPU|Ș(/PU|AutomaticScale automatically based on data rangesManualScale according to specified Lower and Upper limitsLowerSet Lower limitUpperSet Upper limitFormatSpecify format for scale numbersQuitReturn to Graph menuEnter Lower Limit: En㐞ter Upper Limit: Enter skip factor (1..2048): Skip factor out of limitsEnter name of graph to delete: Enter name of graph to make current: Enter graph name: Enter Table range: Enter Input cell 1: Enter Input cell 2: .1One input cell, one or more dependent formulas2Two input cells, one dependent formulaResetReset table ranges and disable TABLE key(),Enter justify range: 㐞ERR NA ۩AAA5yAAAAAAAAAAA)1DW\WPrinterSend print output directly to printerFileSend print output to filemIQǜʜҍRangeSpecify a range to printGoPrint the specified rangeLineAdvance one linePageAdvance to top of pageAlignReset to top of page (after adjusting paper)OptionsHeader, Footer, Margins, Borders, Setup, Page-L㐞ength, OtherClearReset some or all print settingsQuitReturn to READY mode"YaԎۏ6㐞Enter Data range: Enter Primary sort key address: Enter Secondary sort key address: Enter Sort order (A or D): VaM~ߕڦQ$)]Data-RangeSpecify records to be sortedPrimary-KeySpecify primary sort key columnSecondary-KeySpecify secondary sort key columnResetCancel sort range and keysGoPerform sort and return to READY modeQuitReturn to READY mode㐞 Replace paper - press any key (08@Hnx &.6qqqLT\'2g4bh㈵>;f??w@@R[:XL @@w@$@㐞[շColumnDelete one or more columnsRowDelete one or more rowsEnter range of columns to delete: Enter range of rows to delete: ERREnter data input range: Enter range to format: Enter range of labels: Enter range to move FROM: Enter range to move TO: RY ([ReplaceErase existing file and create a new fileCancelCancel command -- Leave existing file i㐞ntactEnter range to copy FROM: Enter range to copy TO: ʬѬsColumnInsert one or more blank columns to the left of the cell pointerRowInsert one or more blank rows above the cell pointerEnter column insert range: Enter row insert range: 㐞Enter current directory: Available disk space (bytes): Enter name of file to erase: *%-SX·.ήծdd*/\cѝ_RetrieveErase the worksheet and read a worksheet fileSaveStore the entire worksheet in a worksheet fileCombineIncorporate all or part of a worksheet file into the worksheetXtractStore a cell range in a worksheet fileEraseErase a worksheet, print, or graph fileListDisplay names of 1-2-3 files on current diskImportRead text or numbers from a p㐞rint file into the worksheetDirectoryDisplay and/or set the current directory  WorksheetErase worksheet filePrintErase print fileGraphErase graph fileRU?CYesErase the fileNoCancel command -- Do not erase the file䯑ʰDisplay the names of all worksheet files on current diskDisplay the names of all print files on current diskDisplay the names of all graph files on current diskFJ㐞OU[bhmqw}IJ˲Ѳײ޲#+1AKQW]7cjqz@NA@ERR@ABS(@INT(@SQRT(@LOG(@LN(@PI@SIN(@COS(@TAN(@ATAN2(@ATAN(@ASIN(@ACOS(@EXP(@MOD(@CHOOSE(@ISNA(@ISERR(@FALSE@TRUE@RAND@DATE(@TODAY@PMT(@PV(@FV(@IF(@DAY(@MONTH(@YEAR(@ROUND(@SUM(@AVG(@COUNT(@MIN(@MAX(@HLOOKUP(@VLOOKUP(@NPV(@VAR(@STD(@IRR(@DSUM(@DAVG(@DCOUNT(@DMIN(㐞@DMAX(@DVAR(@DSTD(ѳӳѳճ׳ٳ۳ݳ ӳ-+*/^=<><=>=<>#AND##OR##NOT#(), HSzͶ;BothSet both horizontal and vertical titlesHorizontalFreeze all rows above the cell pointerVerticalFreeze all columns to the left of the cell pointerClearEliminate horizontal and vertical titlesEnter range to erase: Enter save file name: Enter xtract range: Enter xtract file name: *㐞Vι]FormulasSave formulasValuesSave current formula values only+-.0123456789=ETextEnter each line of file as a single labelNumbersTreat each line as numbers and quoted labelsEnter name of file to import: *JanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec @P$ k( #C@&**- 0_1;f?P Jb0@(VDw }&㐞s@gKA0? a\+&{?㐞 ̒5? m9?;f?`{:n(@+eG?9B.??op|?XoR>QBqq? 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ASYNC TXT y 5 㐞L  B F  (D DRV Q1$R DRV $r2gB DRV }3'YMPHONYCMP ~YMPHONYEXE YMPHONYDYN ZHASTER SET ^{OTUS SET ^{㐞V 1 - 2 - 3 I N T E R A C T I V E T U T O R I A Lb ;a L E S S O N A --- G E T T I N G S T A R T E Dq Hi! I'm your 1-2-3 Tutor.l Each of the 1-2-3 tutorial lessons is an actual 1-2-3 session -- not a simulation. You'll get to construct and use a variety of worksheets that exploit many of 1-2-3's capabilities. I won't try to teach you EVERYTHING about 1-2-3 ... just enough to give you a good head start.` Each lesson consists of "pages" or "screens". On each page, I'll㐞 have you type some keys. I'll even make sure that you press the correct keys. This will allow you to concentrate on 1-2-3 itself, not on your typing skills.Q At the bottom of each page, this message will appear, highlighted:[ [Space]=Continue [PgDn]=Page ahead [PgUp]=Page back [Esc]=Quit (Remember, for [PgDn]/[PgUp], press [Shift] and the down/up arrow key.) Press the [Space] bar -- the long key at the bottom of the keyboard -- now.Welcome to page 2. You obviously found the [S㐞pace] bar.b Here are some of the other keys you'll be using:j  The [Enter] key (some people call it Carriage Return) is located at the right side of the typewriter keypad. Pressing this key tells 1-2-3 "I'm finished typing" or "Go".m     The "pointer-movement" keys are located on the lower right. These keys are your main tools for moving around in 1-2-3.W When the continue-or-quit message appears at the bottom of the screen, these four keys are active: [Space] Pressing the Space-Ba㐞r "turns the page" and continues the lesson. [Esc] If you press the [Esc] key (located in the lower left corner), I'll return immediately to the lesson menu. [PgDn] Skips ahead to the end of the next "page" or "screen". [PgUp] Jumps back to the end of the previous "page" or "screen".W If you wish to try out [Esc], do it now. Otherwise, press [Space].  # # # # # 1 'I Do It -- You Do It The screens form a step-by-step tou㐞r through a variety of 1-2-3 functions. Sometimes, I'll do things myself. Press [Space], and I'll count:] 1 2 3 4 5 (Don't worry. 1-2-3's a lot faster than I am...)O Other times, I'll have YOU do the work. In general, I'll give instructions and make comments (helpful ones, I hope) in the left part of the screen. At the right, I'll tell you exactly what keys to press. Let's give it a try:V Instructions/Comments KeysW Type a "1", using the key on the typewriter block. 1L 㐞   I confirm your keystrokes by highlighting them [ L Now, try pressing the [Help] key., It's way in the upper left corner of the keyboard: [Help]G   Sometimes, I'll highlight several characters at once Let's Get Going Enough of the preliminaries -- on to 1-2-3. I'll do my best to make you comfortable with using 1-2-3 in about half an hour. ("Expert" takes a bit more time.) Ready? Let's go ...  The 1-2-3 Worksheet When you first start 1-㐞2-3, an empty "worksheet" appears. All your 1-2-3 work is organized into worksheets.x You can type information to fill in the worksheet, or you can retrieve a previously created worksheet from disk storage.  Special Keys and Indicators Now that the worksheet is on the screen, I need to tell you about two other special keys. Please read carefully, since using these keys may cause some confusion, and may even cause the Tutorial to work improperly.Q   SVThe [Caps L㐞ock] Key The [Caps Lock] key changes the meaning of the letter keys, much as the "shift lock" key on a typewriter does. Press this key a few times, and watch the red indicator light on the key go on and off.c When you've got it all out of your system, be sure that the indicator light is off, then press [Space]. Good!   siThe [Scroll] Key [Scroll] works very much like [Caps Lock]. It alters the meaning of the "pointer-movement" keys. Press [Scroll] a few times, and watch t㐞he indicator at the bottom of the screen go on and off.f Both "CAPS LOCK" and "SCROLL" must be off for the Tutorial lessons to work properly. Make sure they are off, then press [Space] to forge on. Let's take a quick tour of the 1-2-3 worksheet. In the process, I'll introduce some terminology that will make it easier for us to talk about using 1-2-3. As you can see, I'm using the lower portion of the screen when there's a worksheet in the top portion. Sometimes, though, I'll bla㐞nk out the worksheet and use the whole screen, just as I did at the beginning of this lesson.P/FRLESNA_1 Cells and the Cell Pointer A worksheet is composed of "cells" organized into rows and columns. You can think of the cells as being mailboxes or cubbyholes.e Each cell can hold a single piece of information -- an "entry". ?X A highlight (reverse-video or color bar) called the "cell pointer" shows where the action is. Currently, the pointer is highlighting the entry "176-SP㐞".P   # # # # # # KKKKK^I Move the Pointer I'm going to move the pointer -- first to a cell with a number entry, then to a cell with a label entry.} Press [Space] and I'll move to the cell with the number 134.57...Y Press [Space] again and I'll move to the cell with the label "Frammel"... (That wasn't the fastest way, but getting there is half the fun...)PCell Addresses In order to distinguish one cell from another㐞, the worksheet's columns are labeled A, B, C, etc. Its rows are labeled 1, 2, 3, etc.^ Using these labels, you can refer to each cell by its column-row location -- its "cell address". For instance, you can say:i The number 134.57 is stored in cell D2.$ The label "Frammel" is stored in cell F3.o So far, I've been moving the cell pointer myself. Now, it's your turn.P @You Move the Cell Pointer The cell pointer is back at cell A1. You can use the arrow keys (㐞pointer- movement keys) at the right side of the keyboard to move the pointer just as I did. As you press the keys, watch the pointer move in the worksheet:V Instructions Keysf Move the pointer to cell D1 by pressing& the  key three times:   f Note that 1-2-3 always uses the screen's top line to show the address and contents of the cell currently being highlighted by the cell pointer. We call this cell the "current cell" or the "pointer location".P  㐞 0H(*x_Let's keep practising: Instructions! Keys_ Move the pointer another cell to the right:  And another:(  And down to cell F2: c And now, let's take the "scenic route" to cell D3.h Move two cells to the right:   And up one cell:$  Back to the left:#     And down to our destination:  P:What's Over There ... Good! I hope you've been watching the first line to㐞  see how 1-2-3 displays the address and contents of each cell we visit.b I had you move the pointer perilously close to the edge of the screen. Perhaps you're wondering what happens if we try to go "over the edge".T Let's find out.P 9BThere's More ... Ready to go over the edge? Keep your eye on the worksheet and forge on!Y Instructions! Keys_ Move rightward to the edge:     And over:,  Aha!! There's more to the worksheet t㐞han meets the eye! 8] Columns A, B, and C have disappeared, and columns I and J have appeared.P !... And More If the worksheet extends to the right, chances are it also extends downward. (You probably suspected that a handful of rows wouldn't be quite enough.) Let's check it out. As you press the keys, keep your eye on the row numbers highlighted at the left edge of the screen.u Instructions Keysk Over the edge: ! Keep going:   j㐞 Each time you move the pointer "over the edge", the worksheet "scrolls" to reveal another row. (In an actual 1-2-3 session, you can see 20 rows at a time, not just 3.)PScrolling and the Window Here's the "right" way to think of scrolling:m The computer's screen is a "window" that allows you to view part of the worksheet. The worksheet itself is stationary.u When you move the cell pointer, 1-2-3 sometimes adjusts ("scrolls") the window to reveal another part of the workshee㐞t.i At any time, you can see some rows and some columns, but not the entire worksheet.  #### O<Press [Space] and I'll display a diagram that illustrates this point:U  A B C .. .. M N O P Q R S T ..  ?? , 1 In a new worksheet, 3 2 the window is in the 3 3 upper left corner. 3 . 3 .  Ŀ 21  You can move the window  .  so that you see columns  .  M..Q in rows 21..32  40   . 㐞J .  Ŀ 64  ... or move the window  .  so that you see columns  78  I..M in rows 64..78     H ??  ... or move it ANYWHERE you want. P Let's see how these three windows really look.l Since I'm using the bottom part of the screen, you won't be able to see all 20 rows in each window. But I'll shrink my part down to the minimum, to give you the best view possible under the circumstances.@M21 I've moved the window to sh㐞ow columns M..T, starting with row 21. This part of the worksheet shows that you can control individual column-widths.@I64 I've moved the window to show columns I..M, starting with row 64. This part of the worksheet shows that there are several "label-alignments".P-) # ###################T*********************SFar Away Places Well, there seem to be a nu㐞mber of interesting things going on in this worksheet. We could continue hunting -- but how much territory is there?R The "big picture" diagram I showed you a while ago may have aroused your curiosity: Just how big IS the worksheet? Press [Space], and I'll take you on a trip to the rightmost column...y The last column is labeled "IV" -- that's 256 columns in all! =V The columns are labeled A..Z, then AA..AZ, then BA..BZ, and so on until IV. How many rows are there all toge㐞ther? You can find out for yourself.P zYou CAN Go Home Again There are several keys that allow you to take "express trips" around the worksheet. Let's use one of them, the [Home] key, to return to the upper left corner. [Home] is located above the pointer-movement keypad at the right side of the keyboard. Instructions Keysg Return to familiar territory: [Home]g Now to find the bottom row...P  %mJumping Long Distances with [End]y Now, 㐞we can use another special key, [End], to make a long jump in a particular direction. On your keyboard, the [Clear] key is the equivalent of the [End] key. Instructions Keysf Together with an arrow key, [End], jumps in a particular direction: [End]s Row 2048 is the bottom row of the worksheet.! , /frLESNA_2 #A Simple Worksheet An empty worksheet isn't very interesting, so let's take a look at one that's been filled in. I've just retrieved a previously created worksh㐞 eet from disk storage. Some cells have been filled in with "labels" -- others contain numbers. Labels help to make worksheets comprehensible and easy to use. This worksheet shows that you can control the way in which numbers and labels are displayed: The labels in row 1 are "right-aligned" in their cells. The labels in column A are "left-aligned" in their cells.Building the Worksheet So much for the guided tour. Now, let's roll up the sleeves and build this simple income㐞 statement.} It should take only a few minutes and (I hope) give you a feeling for how easy it is to have 1-2-3 do useful work.B3 /re /rfrb3..f4 ######Starting Fresh ... Almost Just a second ... There, I've cleared the numbers from the worksheet.Y (Did you notice how I expanded the cell pointer to cover an entire "range" of cells? I'll come back to that ... in another lesson.)T To recreate the income statement, we'll do the same thi㐞ng over and over:S 1. Move the cell pointer to a particular cell. 2. Type an entry to be stored in that cell, ending with .] Let's fill in the numbers first, then double back and enter the labels.  24.58  # # ######(D9>Entering a Number -- My Turn~ 1. MOVING THE POINTER. Press [Space], and I'll move to cell B3.Z 2. TYPING THE ENTRY. On the second line of the screen, above the worksheet, there's a blinking "cursor". Wa㐞tch the digits appear there as I type them. When you're ready for me to go, press [Space].Y ... I type the characters ...0 ... and I press  to tell 1-2-3 that I'm finished typing the number.) "Ŀ Let me emphasize that point,  1-2-3 doesn't store an entry because it's important.  in its cell until you press  ) "The Control Panel As each character of an entry is typed, it appears above the worksheet on the second line of the screen. And sinc㐞e I was typing a number, the READY indicator in the upper right corner changed to VALUE.e When you press , 1-2-3: Stores the entry in the cell.. Updates the top line to show the current cell's new contents. Clears the second line.4 Returns the indicator in the upper right corner to READY._ We call the first three lines of the screen the "control panel". 13.78 33.67 13.78 33.67 8acdefghEntering a Number --㐞 Your Turn| Okay, now you get to type in the two additional "Revenues" numbers in the columns C and D. We'll use the same procedure -- first move the pointer, then enter the number.9 DĿ Remember: Use the pointer-movement keys to move the cell pointer.  D  D Instructions Keysg Move to cell C3 and type:  13.78a Move to cell D3 and type:  33.67 21 19.60 21 19.60 413589:㐞And Now, the Expenses... As you enter the "Expenses" numbers, I'll point out a few wrinkles.Z Instructions/Comments Keysg You needn't type the ".00" part:    21 Move and type:  19.60b (It seems that 1-2-3 is displaying only the minimum number of decimal places, even when you type an extra zero. In Lesson B, I'll show you how to fix this.)  11.97*3 11.97*3 $ !"#Just for fun, let's enter the fina㐞l number a bit differently. 1-2-3 is good at arithmetic, so let's have it do some of the work for us. The next entry takes into account three separate expenses of 11.97.` To indicate multiplication, you can use either the * key on the typewriter keys, or the multiplication sign on the numeric keypad.f Instructions Keyso Move and type:  11.97*3f 1-2-3 calculates the result and displays it in the worksheet.-Entering the Totals The next task is to enter the "Ye㐞ar" totals for Revenues and Expenses in column E. This is where 1-2-3 shines. As we just saw, 1-2-3 is pretty good at calculating. So let's have the program do the yearly total arithmetic for us. Instead of entering a number in cells E3 and E4, we'll enter "formulas" that instruct 1-2-3 how to find the totals.d 1-2-3 allows you to enter formulas in several different ways. I'll show them all to you during these lessons. Let's start with the easiest method (in my opinion, at least). 㐞  Formula -- Add 'Em Up Entering a formula is much like entering a number: first move the pointer, then type. 1. MOVING THE POINTER. Easy ... you're an old pro already:  W 2. ENTERING THE FORMULA. We want to instruct 1-2-3 to find the sum of the values in cells B3, C3, and D3. We can do this by:h Using the "+" key to indicate addition. (Either the "+" on the top right of the numeric keypad or the one in the top row of typewriter keys.)N Moving the cell pointer to 㐞indicate the cells to be added.  +++ +++ (bRTVB24rt( Start with "+" to tell 1-2-3 you're entering a formula: +Y Move the pointer to B3. The second line of the control panel automatically shows the cell we're pointing to:   U "Lock" the address B3 into the formula by indicating the next arithmetic operation to be performed: +  The pointer returns to the formula cell g Move the pointer to C3, the next cell 㐞to be added:  W Again, "lock in" the address by continuing the formula: +Y Finally, point to D3, and press  to finish the formula:  ) Congratulations! You've just entered your first 1-2-3 formula. From now on, any time you change the value in cell B3, C3, or D3, 1-2-3 will automatically recalculate this formula and display the new answer.f Let's postpone this "what-if" activity until we've completed the worksheet.{Once Again -- Add 'Em Up C㐞ell E4 needs a formula similar to the one we just entered. As I promised, I'll show you a different way to enter this formula:k AĿ Instead of pointing to the cells to be added, you can type the cell addresses directly into the formula. Any time you type a cell address, you may use uppercase or lowercase letters. AThe first line of the control panel shows that the formula in cell E3 reads +B3+C3+D3. So we could use the formula +B4+C4+D4 in cell E4. J㐞ust to show 1-2-3's flexibility, let's mix up the order and enter:Z +D4+C4+B4  +d4+c4+b4 +@d4+@c4+@b4 ,P  Instructions+ KeysY As always, start by moving to the right cell:  As before, tell 1-2-3 we're entering a number or formula: + Type the first cell address: D4` The cell pointer doesn't move when you type cell addresses into a formula instead of "pointing". 0d Type the second cell address: +C4㐞 ... And the third:* +B4 As always  finishes up:" 5 Bravo!Balancing the Totals There's just one more formula to enter in order to complete the simple income statement. We need to find the difference between the Revenues and Expenses totals, placing the result in cell F3.k That is, the formula for cell F3 is "Revenues minus Expenses" or "+E3-E4".P Let's enter this one by the first method -- pointing. We've found that most people like to use pointing rather than㐞 typing.  +- +- 2"b7 Instructions Keysf Move the pointer to cell F3:  g Tell 1-2-3 we're entering a formula: +i Move the pointer to cell E3: i Lock the address "E3" into the formula,& and indicate that a subtraction is next: -i Move the pointer to E4:  g Finish the formula: CTake a Breather ... Having entered the numbers and formulas that make up the simple income statement,㐞 perhaps you'd like to pause to ponder our progress. 7Ŀ We've made  Numbers ("INPUT")#  two types of Formulas 1-2-3 uses to calculate numbers ("OUTPUT")  cell entry 7S To use this simple income statement, you type any values into the number ("input") cells in columns B - D. 1-2-3 automatically calculates the formulas in columns E and F, and displays ("outputs") their values.W (We'll do this later, after some label-typing exercise.)Two Questions ... Perh㐞aps you've thought of a couple of questions:j 1. The formulas for calculating the Revenues and Expenses are almost the same. Is there a shortcut so that we don't have to enter both?T 2. The worksheet we've constructed doesn't display numbers in exactly the same way as the we might like. The decimal part is sometimes shortened or missing altogether. And the calculated numbers should be preceded with a currency symbol. Is there a way to tell 1-2-3 to display them this way?f... And T㐞 wo Answers I hope you're not surprised that both answers are "yes". And both answers involve an important feature of the program: 1-2-3 commands.^ 1. 1-2-3 has a "/Copy" command with which you can copy formulas (and other entries, too) between cells.{ 2. 1-2-3 has several "numeric format" commands, which control the way in which numbers are displayed. (1-2-3 has label formatting, too).X As usual, answering a question prompts a whole bunch of others. Now you're wondering what OTHER commands 1-2㐞-3 has. 1-2-3 also has a host of other useful commands. Okay -- here's a very short list.Other 1-2-3 Commands Several "Column-Width" commands control the number of characters that appear in the worksheet's columns. You can assign each column its own width. The "/Graph" command uses numbers in the worksheet to display a line graph, bar graph, or pie chart.y The "/File Save" and "/File Retrieve" commands allow you to store worksheets on disks and retrieve them later.q (I 㐞used /File Retrieve when I showed you the previously created Income Statement. And you'll use /File Save in a few minutes.)U "/Print" commands format reports and print them (or store them on disks for printing later). Enough for now. I'll introduce other 1-2-3 commands in later lessons.Entering Labels All right, you've had enough of a break. Let's finish the simple income statement by entering labels into some of the cells. For this purpose, you'll be using these special keys㐞:w [Esc] Cancel entry and return to Ready mode.a  (Backspace) Delete last character typed.k [Home] Move cursor to first character of entry._ [Shift] The [Shift] keys allow you to type uppercase# letters. Make sure you find (but don't press!) these keys before proceeding.%/re /re ###############<AAAAAAAAAAAAAAA]Entering Labels -- Row Headings{ Just another second, while I erase the labels.㐞..j There, now you get to type them back in, using both capital and lowercase letters. You can use the Shift keys just as you would on a typewriter.S (You can also use the [Caps Lock] key to get capital letters, but I suggest you NOT do so here.)  Revenues Revenues ,!"#$%&'qThe characters of a label appear in the control panel as you type them. In this respect, entering a label is just like entering a number or formula㐞.Q Instructions, KeysW Move the pointer to cell A3:!  X Start the label with a capital R (don't forget to SHIFT): R_ The READY indicator changes to LABEL.  The "R" you typed appears in the control panel. b Type the rest of the label:" evenues As usual, finish up with :  ExpnExpny1Another Label -- Fixing an Error with the [Esc] Keyg Now, let's enter the label "Expenses". We'll make a mistake, then fix it usin㐞g [Esc]. Type the following:} Instructions Keyso Move the pointer to cell A4: r Start typing the label Expns  Oops -- we forgot to type the "e".  Expenses Expenses ( !"#$%&'(Using [Esc] We notice the error, but how can we fix it? With [Esc] (in the lower left corner). You can cancel any number, formula, or label entry by pressing [Esc] -- but only if you use it before you press . Give it a try:\ Instructions㐞 KeysX Watching the control panel, cancel the partial entry: [Esc]Z  The entry disappears and the READY indicator returns.^ Now type "Expenses" again -- this time, the right way: Expenses11Column Headings I've moved the pointer to cell B1, so that you can enter the column headings. Once again, we're going to make an error, then fix it:] Instructions* KeysY Start typing the label "1st Period": 1b Wait! The "VALUE" indicator in the upper㐞 right corner means that 1-2-3 thinks we're typing a number, not a label. ;Y How can we tell 1-2-3 that we're typing a label?Label-Prefix Characters You can tell 1-2-3 that your entry is to be a label by starting the entry with a "label-prefix": ' (apostrophe) 1-2-3 makes the entry a "left-aligned" label.  2 " (double-quote) 1-2-3 makes the entry a "right-aligned" label,  pushing it against the right edge of the cell,  and leaving one space for r㐞 eadability.  2 ^ (caret)  1-2-3 treats the entry as a centered label. O (1-2-3 has automatically left-aligned the labels we've entered so far.) "1st Period "1st Period 4klmnopqrstuUsing Label-Prefix Characters} Let's enter the column headings as right-aligned labels, just for a change of pace. Don't forget the [Space] character.q Instructions& Keys] Cancel the current entry: [Esc] Begin a right-alig㐞 ned label: "e The READY indicator changes to LABEL. Now, we can type anything we like -- 1-2-3 won't think we're trying to enter a number. @ Enter the rest of the label as usual: 1st Period "2nd Period "2nd Period 4i     gThe one-space margin on the right keeps entries in adjacent columns from running together. (You may have noticed that number and formula values are also displayed with this margi㐞 n.)u Try another one: Instructions Keyso Move the pointer to cell C1: r Begin a right-aligned label: "r Complete the label: 2nd PeriodFixing an Error with  (The [Backspace] key)k For the next column heading, let's use another error-correction key, [Backspace]. This key is located just above .j Pressing [Backspace] while you are typing an entry erases the last character you typed.$ "3st rd Period "3st rd Per㐞 iod D567%)efghijklmn Instructions Keysc Move the pointer to cell D1: f Begin a right-aligned label: "f Type the label, making a couple of errors: 3std We notice the error and wish to "back up".# The  key comes to our rescue:  c  Each  erases the character preceding the cursora Having taken care of the errors, finish up: rd Period "Year "Net  # LThe Finish㐞 ing Touches You've done great work so far. Just to show you how much I admire your efforts, I'll finish up for you. Just press [Space], and I'll enter the two remaining labels, "Year" and "Net" myself.l No problem. After putting in so much good work, we owe it to ourselves to save it on a disk for posterity.Using a 1-2-3 Command In the early part of this lesson, I used a 1-2-3 command called "/File Retrieve" to bring back a previously created worksheet from disk storage.Q It'㐞 s about time you got into the act and issued some 1-2-3 commands yourself. You'll find that they do many useful jobs. Right now, let's use a command that performs an ESSENTIAL job -- saving our work on a disk.[ 0Ŀ If you don't save your work, it all disappears   when you end a 1-2-3 session.  0\We'll use the /File Save command to store our work in a "worksheet file" named LESSONA. (Actually, we'll just pretend to store the data on the disk. To ensure data secu㐞 rity, this version of 1-2-3 has its /File Save command disabled.) 3Ŀ Before proceeding, make sure the Tutorial Disk   is not write-protected.  3Command Menus 1-2-3 can perform a large set of commands. It's easy to issue a command:S To start a command, press "slash" (/) when you're in Ready Mode. ?Y After that, 1-2-3 displays menus of command keywords in the control panel. By selecting these keywords with the "menu pointer" highlight, you build up a co㐞 mmand one keyword at a time.m 1-2-3 shows you exactly what your choices are. It even displays "long prompts" (explanatory phrases) on the line below the keywords.) /  lessona r "Net /  @l@e@s@s@o@n@a @ACEGqrstuvwx Instructions+ KeysX Start the /File Save command by pressing "slash": / The first command-word menu appears.t Move the menu pointer to "File". Watch how the line below always displa㐞 ys an explanatory phrase:    T Press  to select the highlighted command word, "File": X Point to "Save", then press  to select it:  V 1-2-3 offers the name of a recently-used file, but we'll reject the offer by typing a new filename: LESSONADid you notice that the light on the diskette drive with the Tutorial Disk went on? This light signals that information is being transferred between the computer's main memory and the diskette.f (㐞 For security reasons, 1-2-3 created an empty worksheet file just now.)S The ".WKS", meaning "worksheet", is a bit of extra bookkeeping that helps 1-2-3 -- and you -- keep track of your files.m The "/File Retrieve" command brings a worksheet back from storage, so that you can revise it or use it. We'll use this command in Lesson B.230.23 17.76 24.01 30.23 17.76 24.01 `?AC/1opqr㐞!stSpeaking of "using it", let's put the worksheet through some paces, just to make sure things work right. Be sure to watch the screen carefully when you press . 1-2-3 is fast!{ Instructions* KeysY Enter a new 1st Period revenue figure:   H 30.23U Enter a new 2nd Period expense figure:  J 17.76U Enter a new 1st Period expense figure: L 24.01 Lesson A -- Summary That's all for your first 1-2-3 lesson. Care to run 㐞!through a quick review of the ground we've covered? A 1-2-3 "worksheet" consists of "cells", in rows and columns. Columns are identified by letters -- A, B, C, ... Rows are identified by numbers -- 1, 2, 3, ... Each cell has a column-row "cell address", e.g. A5, B15, AC101.Y Each cell can hold a single "entry" -- a number, a formula, or a label. You can enter formulas by "pointing" or by typing. In some cases, you must begin label entries with "label-prefix" (alignment) charac㐞!ters. Typing errors can be corrected with the [Esc] and (Backspace) keys.U Worksheets can be stored on disk and later brought back with the 1-2-3 commands /File Save and /File Retrieve."cell address", e.g. A5, B15, AC101.Y Each cell can hold a single "entry" -- a number, a formula, or a label. You can enter formulas by "pointing" or by typing. In some cases, you must begin label entries with "label-prefix" (alignment) charac㐞!Y 1 - 2 - 3 I N T E R A C T I V E T U T O R I A Lb ;b L E S S O N B --- L O A N - A N A L Y S I S I_ In this lesson, and in Lessons C and D, we will build a 1-2-3 worksheet that analyzes a loan. In the process, we'll explore many of 1-2-3's features. Lesson B covers these 1-2-3 features:u Display formats. Column widths. Writing formulas that perform calculations. A formula defines the relationship among two or more cells.g Using "@ functions" in formul㐞!as.x Storing worksheets.` /wey   Reminder n Before proceeding with this lesson, be sure that CAPS LOCK and SCROLL are off. For [PgUp] / [PgDn], you must press [Shift] and the up/down arrow key.T When you're ready to proceed, press [Space].` /frLESNB_1 It's always useful to know your goal, so let's take a peek at the worksheet as it will look at the end of this lesson. To use this worksheet, you make entries for: Total "Principal" of the loan (cell 㐞!C1) Yearly interest "Rate" (cell C2) Payment period in "Years" (cell C3)m Whenever a change is made to any of these cells, 1-2-3 instantly recalculates the "Payment" formula in cell C4 and the formulas in row 7. And it automatically displays the new formula values.`" 13.5% 55000 13.5% 55000 @} Instructions% Keys[ Give it a try by entering a new Rate in cell C2. Watch cell C4 to see㐞! how the Payment value changes:    13.5%R 1-2-3 tells us that raising the rate by % increases the monthly payment from 1,137.65 to 1,150.49.j Try again -- this time with a new Principal in cell C1:  55000V A principal of 55,000 raises the Payment to 1,265.54` 'SStarting from Scratch Now that we've seen the goal, let's start from scratch and build this worksheet. I'll give you a headstart by typing the labels myself. Please press [Space] to ge㐞!t me going.u LN Oops ... I was trying to be helpful and give you a headstart. But I seem to have made a few typing errors. Let's fix them.`  al  al gCorrecting a Cell Entry To fix an existing entry, you: (1) Move the pointer there, (2) Press the [Edit] key to have 1-2-3 place a copy of the entry in the control panel, (3) Make corrections to this copy, (4) Press .b Go to the offending cell and press [Edit]:  [Edit]  The mo㐞 !de indicator switches to "EDIT"j Use  to erase the incorrect characters:  Type the correct characters: al Re-[Enter]:( ` "Rate "Rate :Replacing a Cell Entry Sometimes it's more convenient to replace an entry, rather than try to fix it. Just move the pointer and type (don't forget to SHIFT in order to get a capital "R"):  "Rate The beginning double-quote character causes# the label to be right-aligned in 㐞"its cell." +` More Editing Let's use the [Edit] key again to fix the next entry. We get to use these editing keys: [Home] Moves the cursor to the beginning of the entry.a [Del] (The key above the [Scroll] key.) Erases the character at the cursor. Contrast this with  (Backspace), which erases the character preceding the cursor. (By the way, [End] is another editing key. It moves the cursor to the end of an entry.)`  e e 㐞"()x Start Edit mode:  [Edit]l Position cursor and delete: [Home]   [Del]d Type and re-[Enter] e` oGetting Help Thanks. My mistakes are gone, and we're ready to proceed. During our peek at the finished worksheet, you may have noticed that columns A-E were visible. But only columns A-D appear on the screen now. We need to adjust column-widths, but how to do it?z Let's consult 1-2-3's on-line "Help" facility. At virtually any point during a㐞" 1-2-3 session, you can view a Help screen tailored to your current situation. You can even take a "tour" through a series of Help screens. 1-2-3 always keeps your place for you -- when you press [Esc], you return to the worksheet exactly where you left off.` cOn the next page, you'll: 1. Call for help by pressing the [Help] key.n 2. "Tour" several Help screens. To select another Help screen, you move the highlight to a topic and press .k 3. Return to the worksheet by pressing [E㐞"sc].m There's little explanatory text on the next page. I want to let you read as much of the Help screens as possible.@0        X   !"#$>VXY[oGet help: [Help] Next topic:    Next topic:  Next topic:  Next topic:    Back home: [Esc]`b3 Back in the Worksheet I hope you got the following㐞" facts from that little Help break:[ The /Worksheet Column-Width command controls the width of a column.U The /Worksheet Global Column-Width command controls the width of all columns whose widths have not been set individually.` (1-2-3 uses the term "global" to describe a procedure or display format that applies generally in the worksheet. In many contexts, you can override the "global setting" at particular parts of the worksheet.)` /  /  oqsZLe㐞"t's start by reducing the global column-width with the /Worksheet Global Column-Width command, hoping to bring column E onscreen.[ Press "slash" to tell 1-2-3 "I want to issue a command": /\ A command menu appears in the control panel. You "build up" commands one command word at a time from a series of menus. Make the selections just as you selected Help topics -- by moving the "menu pointer":a The pointer is already at "Worksheet", so select it:  The pointer is already at "Global", 㐞"so select it:  Move the pointer to "Column-Width" and select it:   `   CEG3Now that we've invoked the command, we must tell 1-2-3 how to adjust the column-width. We might do it just by typing a number. But, instead, let's adjust the column-width setting visually.k Watch how all columns shrink each time you press the  key:   T Hmm ... still no column E ... Press  to "lock in" the current column-width setting and end the comma㐞"nd:  That didn't work ... we'll try something else.` ;There's some further slack to take up in column A, so let's reduce its width individually. This is one example of a general 1-2-3 fact. There are many aspects of 1-2-3 usage in which you can make a "global" setting, and also override this setting on a case-by-case basis. (Here, a column-by-column basis.)` gAnother Way to Select Commands| To change the width of column A only, move the pointer there and issue the /㐞 "Worksheet Column-Width command. (Note that this is NOT a "global" command.) This time around, let's use the other command-selection method offered by 1-2-3: You can select a command-word from a) menu by pressing the starting letter.( %` /wcs /@w@c@s 4;  +Overriding the Global Column-Widthx Move to column A:& ` Press "slash" to produce the first command menu: / Press "W" or "w" to select "㐞#Worksheet": Worksheet Press "C" or "c" to select "Column-Width": Column-Width Press "S" or "s" to select "Set": Set^ As before, adjust the width visually:        P Just about like that should work fine.`" 5000013%55000013%5@|~Typing Entries We'll suppose that the loan has a 50,000 principal, a 13% annual interest rate, and a term of 5 years (60 monthly paym㐞#ents):_ Enter the Principal:     50 Enter the yearly Rate: 13% Enter the Term of the loan: 5n Note how we saved a keystroke, typing  between entries instead of  followed by . In general, you can press any pointer-movement key to finish an entry. 1-2-3 understands that you're in a hurry.` The Payment Formula Now, we need to enter a formula in cell C4 that uses these numbers to calculate the monthly loan payment.w Uh-oh ... In the previo㐞#us lesson, the formulas were easy -- just some addition and subtraction. But this!v Fortunately, 1-2-3 comes to the rescue. It already knows how to do many of the calculations that you'll need for financial, statistical, and engineering analyses. To tap into this capability, you use "@ functions".nThe "@ Functions" You can think of 1-2-3's "@ functions" as being machines which calculate numbers. You supply one or more values -- the function's "arguments". The function machine 㐞#calculates a result, the function's "value". function "machine" argument Ŀ .   " argument   value!    argument   Each @ function has its own requirements for arguments. In general, you type arguments by enclosing them in parentheses and separating them with commas. @xxx ( xxx , xxx , xxx , ...)2    / function name arguments in particular order` .We will use a function named @PMT ("payment"). It requires thr㐞#ee arguments:O 1. LOAN PRINCIPAL. We've got it -- the value in cell C1.a 2. PER-PAYMENT INTEREST RATE. Cell C2 contains the yearly interest rate, not the per-payment (monthly) rate. No problem -- we'll just divide:  The value in C2 is the yearly rate, so C2/12 is the per-payment rate.P 3. NUMBER OF PAYMENTS. Cell C3 contains the number of years, not the number of monthly payments. So we'll multiply:  The value in C3 is number of years, so C3*12 is the number of payments.`, @pm㐞#t(,/12,*12) @@@p@m@t(,/12,*12) T68:&(vwxyfhijklLet's enter the formula, using "pointing" to indicate the cell addresses:Q Type the function name and a left-parenthesis: @PMT(a Point to the Principal amount:    "Lock in" address C2 by continuing the formula: ,e Enter the per-payment rate argument:   Again, "lock it in" by continuing the formula: /12,b Fina㐞#lly, the number-of-payments argument, and as always, press  to finish off:  *12)` Congratulations! With just a few keystrokes, you've instructed 1-2-3 to perform a job that used to require sifting through many tables in a thick reference book. Were you a bit bowled over by the @PMT function? I'll admit that it's one of the most sophisticated functions 1-2-3 has to offer. But I couldn't resist the temptation to show you that 1-2-3 is smart as well as fast.T We'll get㐞# some more "@ function" practice later. I'll introduce one of @PMT's simpler cousins, @SUM, which adds all the values in a list.   1 +c1 1 +@c1 0)+-/134iklmnBuilding the Payment Chart Now, let's build the payment chart that starts in row 7. We'll specify the 1st-year calculations, then use 1-2-3 commands to project subsequent years. Enter a "1" in cell A7 to indicate the first year:      1U For the fir㐞 #st year, the beginning balance is the entire principal. So for cell B7, we "bring down" the Principal entry from cell C1:  +C1   ]The Ending Balance Calculation -- My Turnq Cell C7 requires another fancy financial calculation, the "present value" of the loan at the end of the year.w Take a break -- I'll handle this one. Just press [Space] to get me started... There! I used @PV ("present value"), a close relative of the @PMT function, to specify this calculati㐞$on.   +*12 +*12 $)+-/yz{kThe Total Paid Calculation The annual "Total Paid" amount is simply 12 times the monthly "Payment". To enter the formula, let's switch back to the "pointing" method:Y I put you at the right cell, so start typing: + Point to the Payment value:     "Lock it in" by continuing the formula: *12 End as usual:( ` Looks good!  The Interest Calculation We just calculated the to㐞$tal amount paid on the loan for the first year. How much of that payment goes to reducing the principal, and how much is interest? We've already got the facts we need:k Fact #1 Interest = Total Paid - W Fact #2 The beginning and ending balances reveal that...n amount of principal paid = Begin Bal. - End Bal.  Entering the Interest Formula} Perhaps that analysis went a little fast for you. Don't worry about it. The point is that 1-2-3 can easily 㐞$handle such financial analyses (and engineering analyses, and sales analyses, and ...).g What matters to us here is that, together, the two facts I listed on the previous page spell the following formula:t Interest = Total Paid - ( Begin Bal. - End Bal. )  +-(-) +-(-) 4$tudfhiLet's enter the formula, again using the pointing method:e Interest = Total Paid - ( Begin Bal. - End Bal. )_ Move to the form㐞$ula cell:  Start the formula: + Point to the Total Paid amount:  Indicate subtraction and type a parenthesis: -( Point to the Begin Bal. amount:    Indicate subtraction again: - Point to the End Bal. amount, then finish:   )  yi @ @ DONE! @ @ q You've entered the formulas for the first year of the Loan Payment Chart!  4Appearance vs. Reality We've spent the past few minutes entering formulas th㐞$at instruct 1-2-3 how to perform calculations. Let's pause here to reconsider the other side of the coin -- how the worksheet appears. In particular, we'll fine-tune the "numeric display formats" that control the way in which 1-2-3 displays numeric values. At the beginning of this lesson, we adjusted column-widths. Recall that 1-2-3 has a "global" column-width setting, which you may override for individual columns. There's a parallel situation with display formats. Numeric Displ㐞$ay Formats The /Range Format command controls the way 1-2-3 displays numbers in a single cell or in a rectangular range of cells.d The /Worksheet Global Format command controls the way numbers are displayed in cells that have not been specifically formatted.[ Initially, the global numeric display format is "General":a 4.520 is displayed as 4.52 3,499.186 is displayed as 3499.186S 1-2-3 offers a variety of alternative numeric formats:f Currency, 2 decimal places: $167,893.63$ Currency, 㐞$0 decimal places: $167,894$ Fixed, 2 decimal places: 167893.63$ Scientific, 4 decimal places: 1.6789E+05o There are other numeric formats, too. All are alike in this respect:V  Behind the scenes, 1-2-3 remembers a number to 15 decimal places.  YLet's try the "Comma, 2" format. In this format, 1-2-3 displays numbers as follows: 1. In large numbers, a comma marks thousands, millions, etc. 2. Numbers are displayed to 2 decimal places. 3. Negative numbers are enclosed in parenthe㐞$ses.j Examples: 167893.1285 is displayed as 167,893.13& -5607 is displayed as (5,607.00)   /wgf /@w@g@f $  "$&Changing the Global Numeric Formatx In this example, we'll mix the two methods of selecting a command -- using the menu pointer and typing the first letter.g Invoke the command by typing: /Worksheet Global Format Select the "Comma" format by pointing:     Enter the number of decimal places. We'l㐞 $l$ accept 1-2-3's suggestion -- 2 places: i There! That looks neater. $ /rfc0 /rfp1 /@r@f@c0 /@r@f@p1 DUV\cnouEFLS^_ezFormatting Individual Cells But we can do even better by formatting certain cells individually, using the /Range Format command. I hope you agree with my selections for individual cell formats: Move to a cell:  7 And format it: /Range Format Currency 0 㐞%d Move to a cell: 9 And format it: /Range Format Percent 1  , /rff0 /rff0 /@r@f@f0 /@r@f@f0 T#./5 %Two more to go ... Move to a cell: 9 And format it: /Range Format Fixed 0 d Move to a cell:      / And format it: /Range Format Fixed 0 d Good! & /  lessonb r㐞% 1 /  @l@e@s@s@o@n@b @#suwy{cdefghij With things looking good, let's save the worksheet in a "worksheet file" on the Tutorial disk. We'll call the file "LESSONB". In practice, you get to make up your own filenames, each up to 8 characters long.V Use the menu pointer to select the /File Save command:d Start the command with "slash": / Select "File", then "Save":       We could accept the name 1-2-3 suggests.㐞%% It's the name of a recently-processed( worksheet file. But we'll type a new name: LESSONB  Better Saved than Sorry ... We recommend that you issue /File Save commands often during a session. If a catastrophe, human-induced or otherwise, hits the worksheet, the most recently created worksheet file serves as a "backup" copy of your work.S (By the way, 1-2-3 only simulated the file-saving operation just now, just as it did in Lesson A.) To show you what I mean, I'll creat㐞%e a catastrophe on the next screen. (This sort of thing happens when you leave your desk for a minute.) (/ lessonb lesnc_1 / @l@e@s@s@o@n@b <#suwy{Needed: A Backup Copy Now this won't do at all. But you don't need to panic if you've recently saved the worksheet in a file. A simple /File Retrieve command reinstates the worksheet from file storage:z Start the command with "slash": / Select "File", t㐞%hen "Retrieve":       Type the name:! LESSONB_ And things are back to normal. (Yes, I cheated by using another file...)aLesson B -- Summary That's all for Lesson B. Here's an outline of the 1-2-3 skills we've covered in building a loan-analysis worksheet:p Display formats. Column widths. Writing formulas that perform calculations. A formula defines the relationship among two or more cells.g Using "@ functions" in formulas.x Storing w㐞%Y 1 - 2 - 3 I N T E R A C T I V E T U T O R I A Lb ;b L E S S O N C --- L O A N - A N A L Y S I S II In this lesson, we continue to build a loan-analysis worksheet. Having entered the formulas to analyze the first year, we'll use 1-2-3 commands to project four additional years.j Here's a list of 1-2-3 skills we'll cover:p Indicating ranges of cells by expanding the cell pointer Entering formulas -- "relative" and "absolute" addresses Copying formulas and othe㐞%r cell entries with the /Copy command Using the [GoTo] key7 Storing worksheets in files First, let's take a look at where we are, and a peek at where we're going.` /wey   Reminder n Before proceeding with this lesson, make sure that the CAPS LOCK and SCROLL are turned off. For [PgUp] and [PgDn], you must press [Shift] and the up/down arrow key.R When you're ready to proceed, press [Space].  /frLESNC_1 A21 A21  HThis is the wor㐞%ksheet, exactly as we stored it at the end of the previous lesson. Now, press [Space].u This is our goal. Want to see that again?p Press [Space]: This is where we are. Press [Space] again: This is where we're going. 9/rea21.f40 2345 /rff0 a8.a11 2345 @efjkoptu|OLet's start with the easy part -- filling in the years in column A:W Go to the starting cell:       j T㐞 %ype the series of entries: 2 3 4 5d Why "2.00", etc.? Because in Lesson B, we set the global numeric format to "Comma, 2 decimal places". Press [Space] and I'll reformat those cells.   Z<Of course, filling in other columns won't always be so quick. But 1-2-3 can help reduce the typing chores significantly. To show you just how much, I'll enter the "End Bal." formulas for years 2-5 myself.\ Please press [Space]... ... Done.x Did I cheat? No, I just too㐞&k advantage of 1-2-3's /Copy command.  Before explaining the /Copy command, I'll have you do a bit of repetitive typing. It's not just to bore you -- the typing will help you understand what the /Copy command does, and to appreciate just how much work it can save you.  + + + + 4&(*,0246 "$&:The "Begin Bal." formulas for years 2-5 are easy: each year's beginning balance is the same as the previous year's㐞& ending balance.` Enter the formula for year 2 by "pointing":     +   S The formula for year 3 is exactly the same," "[Plus] [Right] [Up] [Enter]":  +     + + #,.02See the pattern yet? The formula for year 4 is exactly the same,% "[Plus] [Right] [Up] [Enter]":  +   W The formula for year 5 will be the same, too: "[Plus] [Right] [Up] [Enter]"O But wait! There's got to be a better way!  If t㐞&he whole column of formulas is the same, we should be able to get 1-2-3 to help us out. First, let's back up a step. I'll erase the formulas for years 3 and 4. /re There, the old entries are gone. Now let's use the /Copy command to enter the rest of the formulas in the column. 1-2-3 can copy any type of cell entry. In this case, we'll take a simple formula, and make three copies of it. Specifically, we will copy FROM the single cell B8, and TO the range of cells B9..B11. And th㐞&e /Copy will involve a new skill -- "expanding" the cell pointer to indicate an entire range of cells. Expanding the Pointer to Ŀ Indicate a "Range" of Cells Ĵ4  In many situations, you can have 1-2-3 this is a "range" process several cells at once. The+ group of cells must be in the shape Ŀ of a rectangle, called a "cell range": 4 this is notC a "range"P Formulas can instruct 1-2-3 t㐞&o calculate with an entire cell range.U 1-2-3 commands often involve specifying a range. (It happened with the /Range Format commands in the previous lesson.)i You can indicate a range by typing the cell addresses of two opposite corners: A1..B14 or F80..B25 or H100..A1. But most 1-2-3 users prefer the "pointing" method: Whenever it is appropriate to specify a range, 1-2-3 shifts into "Point mode". In such situations, you can "anchor" one corner of the cell pointer with the "." key, then e㐞&xpand the cell pointer with arrow keys so that it highlights the desired range.  /c /@c ,-mInvoke /Copy by typing: /Copyk 1-2-3 prompts you to indicate the FROM' range. Since the pointer is on the one' cell we wish to copy, [Enter] it:  /c . . yikm1-2-3 prompts for a TO range. We'll EXPAND the pointer to indicate a range of 3 cells. First move the pointer to the first of the destination cells: b "Anchor" the poin㐞&ter using "period": .b The arrow keys now can be used/ to EXPAND the cell pointer:      /c . /@c . 0 "$pqRNot bad! Let's try that again. The Total Payment formulas for years 2-5 await us. We will copy FROM cell D7, TO cells D8...D11:_ Move to the cell to be copied:    Invoke the /Copy command: /Copy Indicate the FROM range, a single cell:  Indicate the TO range, four cells: 㐞&  .     Oops!Now that wasn't what we wanted at all!t Please forgive me for leading you down the wrong path. It was for a good reason -- the importance of realizing the difference between the formula in cell B7, which we had no trouble /Copying, and that in cell D7, which caused a disaster! There's a happy ending -- we'll be able to alter the latter formula slightly, then /Copy it.z Recall that before the first /Copy, we used the same keystrokes to enter the formulas in 㐞 &cells B8, B9, and B10? In each case, these keystrokes said:6  (cell whose value is used in formula) the value of the cell  "referenced cell" one column to the right  Ŀ and one row up    Ŀͼ 1 up: = "formula cell" 1 over Ŀ4 FROM cell: B8: +C7 In copying the formula in cell B8, 1-2-3 TO cells: B9: +C8 preserved this "one-over-and-one-up" meaning. B10: +C9 Each of the resulting formulas says "the value 㐞' B11: +C10 of the cell 1 column to the right and 1 row up". It might help to picture the formula as a machine with a rigid construction placed over the formula cell. When 1-2-3 copies the formula to another cell, it's like shifting the machine to another location. Wherever the "formula" box lands, the "value to be used" box lands one column to the right and one row up:c C7Ŀ value to be used1 7 B8Ŀͼ3  6 : formula8 :L C /Copy :@ 㐞'"shifts" : C10Ŀ value to be used the machine : * : B11Ŀͼ3  D formulaq We call the "C7" in the formula a "relative cell address", because it indicates the location of a value RELATIVE to the formula cell. When 1-2-3 copies a formula, it adjusts relative cell addresses to preserve their positional meaning.eHere's another example of relative addresses:{ If cell E7 contains the formula: +B7+C7+D7 then a copy of this formula in cell E11 is㐞': +B11+C11+D11] Both the original formula and the copy say:$ "the sum of the values in the three columns to the left".c  ͻ% ! B7Ŀ C7Ŀ D7Ŀ E7ͻ original    ͼformula cell L : referenced cells, :L : B11Ŀ C11Ŀ D11Ŀ E11ͻ copied :    ͼformula cell  %  ͼAbsolute Cell Addresse㐞's Now, let's look again at the formula in cell D7: +C4*12` When copying this formula, we want the "C4" to remain "C4" in all the copies. The cell address should not be "relative" -- it doesn't mean "one column left, three rows up". Rather, the cell address "C4" indicates an ABSOLUTE location in the worksheet: "column C -- row 4".a The ABSOLUTE vs. RELATIVE distinction makes no difference in the original formula. But it makes a big difference when we /Copy the formula:^ If "C4" is ABSOLUTE㐞': If "C4" is RELATIVE: ! FROM cell D8: +C4*12  FROM cell D8: +C4*12 TO cell D9: +C4*12  TO cell D9: +C5*12 D10: +C4*12  D10: +C6*12 D11: +C4*12  D11: +C7*12$    NO adjustment in copied formulas  Address adjusted in copied formulasO Our problem is that when we /Copied the formula in cell D8, 1-2-3 considered "C4" to be a relative address, where we wanted it to be absolute.But how can 1-2-3 tell when a cell address is to be "relat㐞'ive", as in the formula +C7 or "absolute", as in the formula +C4*12?f The answer is "$". Whenever you want to indicate an ABSOLUTE cell address in a formula, place "$" before both the column and row:i +$C$4*12 an absolute reference to cell C4^ If you're typing a formula, just type "$", as you do the other characters. You may find it more convenient, though, to use the [Abs] key when you're pointing cell values into formulas. Let's try the pointing method.  ++V㐞'XZ\Using the [Abs] Key I've moved the cell pointer back to cell D7 and cleaned things up. Now, let's try again. Begin the formula: +u Point to the "referenced cell"       *12  *12 ; This time, press [Abs] to make the address ABSOLUTE: [Abs]b 1-2-3 inserts two $'s into the address' &n Complete the formula as before: *12  So far, no difference. The calculated result in cell D7 is the same as before㐞'. The absolute vs. relative difference will appear when we make copies of the formula. The /Copy operation itself is exactly the same as before.   /c . /@c . $!"acegik Invoke the /Copy command: /Copyv Indicate the FROM range: x Indicate the TO range:  .    n Much better! That was ABSOLUTELY terrific! D7 On to column E. Before we use /Copy, let's take a close look at the formula in cell㐞 ' E7, to make sure we won't run into the absolute vs. relative snag again: ^ The first line of the control panel shows the text of E7's formula: +D7-(B7-C7). These are all relative addresses. And that's exactly what we want in column E -- each formula should use the three values to its left.   /ce7 e8.e11 /@c@e7 @e8.@e11 0op)Having verified the formula in cell E7, we're ready to /Copy. For a change of pace, we'll type cell 㐞(addresses rather than point at the FROM and TO ranges: Invoke /Copy: /Copy Type the address of the FROM range: E7 Type the address of the TO range: E8 . E11  pBravo! You've constructed a worksheet that performs a payment analysis of the first five years of a loan. There are a few more bases to cover before the worksheet will look exactly like the one we saw at the start of this lesson. But let's verify the work we've done so far, then save it in a 㐞(worksheet file. (We recommend that you verify-and-save often.) E7 To verify our work, let's perform a few "what-ifs". We can return to cell C1 one step at a time, using  and . Or we could use [Home] to jump to A1 first. There's a third way, too -- jumping directly to a cell with the aid of the [GoTo] key.  c1 @c1 Using the [GoTo] Key All we need to do is press the function key [GoTo], then type the address of our destination:M [GoTo] C1㐞(y The [GoTo] key is very handy for navigating large worksheets.  55000 55000 %&'()*Playing "What If" What if the Principal were 55,000? 55000c 1-2-3 recalculates all formulas and displays the results. 9  11.5% 11.5% And what if the interest rate dropped to 11.5%?  11.5%_ Once again, 1-2-3 recalculates formulas and displays the results. A  10 10 㐞(So far, so good. What if the term were 10 years?  10W Oops...the calculations are correct, but they don't go quite far enough! In Lesson D, we'll expand the worksheet to accommodate longer loan terms.  3 3 Let's try the other direction --- what if the term were only 3 years? 3c 1-2-3 keeps on calculating, unaware that the loan has been repaid.  HThere are two remedies for this situation:p Simply ignore 1-2-3's calculations for year㐞(s 4 and 5.c Revise the formulas to take into account the possibility that the loan may already be paid off. This option involves @IF, one of the more advanced "@ functions". For details, see the "1-2-3 Function Reference" chapter.  ,c1 50000.135 /fslessonc r /@f@s@l@e@s@s@o@n@c ,>I've returned the input entries to what they were a few pages ago. While our worksheet doesn't handle every situation (you'll find this is often th㐞(e case), it certainly is useful enough to save. Let's do it:\ Invoke the command that stores worksheets: /File Save Enter a filename:" LESSONC  As it did in the previous lessons, 1-2-3 has only simulated saving the worksheet on disk. But I think we're ready for an unsimulated break.V See you next lesson! Lesson C -- Summary Indicating ranges of cells by expanding the cell pointer` Entering formulas -- "relative" and "absolute" addresses` Copying㐞( formulas and other cell entries with the /Copy commandZ Using the [GoTo] key Storing worksheets in filest represents a group of numbers. In particular, a 1-2-3 bar graph is a picture that uses vertical bars to represent the values stored in one or more cell ranges.c With /Graph commands, you identify a cell range as a "graph data" range. Up to six of them -- A,B,C,D,E,F -- can be included in each bar graph.)Q At your command, 1-2-3 draws the graph. The value of each num㐞(Y 1 - 2 - 3 I N T E R A C T I V E T U T O R I A Lb ;a L E S S O N D --- L O A N - A N A L Y S I S III In this lesson, we'll complete our loan-analysis worksheet. We'll expand the Payment Chart to accommodate a 20-year loan and have 1-2-3 build a reference table based on the worksheet's calculations. Here's a list of 1-2-3 skills we'll cover:p Moving entries to different cells* Inserting and deleting rows0 Entering "repeating" labels0 Entering numbers with㐞 ( the /Data Fill command Copying entire ranges of entries+ Using Titles and Split-Screen. Building a table with the /Data Table command Using the [Table] key` /wey  n Reminder n Before proceeding with this lesson, make sure that CAPS LOCK and SCROLL are turned off. Remember, for [PgUp] and [PgDn], you must hold down [Shift] and press the up/down arrow key. When you're ready to proceed, press [Space].  /frLESND_1 Here's Where We Are Here is the㐞) loan-analysis worksheet, just as we saved it at the end of Lesson C. We saw that there were some functional improvements to be made, but let's switch our attention from substance back to appearance. cWorksheet Design A worksheet's visual design is often as important a factor as its correctness, particularly when you're building a worksheet to be used by others. A disorganized worksheet makes the person using it feel uncomfortable, if not downright confused. It is often useful to d㐞)ivide a large worksheet into a series of "pages". For instance:c AEFHIMNO .. 1 + 20 +  21 + 40 + + : : :) 1-2-3 makes it easy to "leaf through" the pages or jump to a particular page. (See "Moving Around the Worksheet" in the 1-2-3 User Manual.)V The loan-analysis worksheet isn't quite big enough to be divided into pages (not yet, anyway!). But there are several ways㐞) to improve the look of the worksheet on a smaller scale.  We'll examine several of 1-2-3's capabilities that aid in worksheet design: Moving cell entries around the worksheet# Inserting and deleting blank rows and columns Entering separator lines  Moving Cell Entries -- The /Move Commandr The "input area" of our worksheet occupies columns B and C. Why not use some of that empty space in columns D and E? We can move the Years and Payment data, both labels and for㐞)mulas, with the /Move command.[ Issuing a /Move command is similar to issuing a /Copy command. You need only specify the range of cells to be moved ("FROM" range) and the upper left corner of the destination ("TO" cell).  /m  /@m  4KMO{} /Move to one corner of the range to be moved:   \ Invoke the /Move command: /Move 1-2-3 prompts for a FROM range and anchors the pointer. Expand it to in㐞)dicate the four cells, and [Enter]:+    1-2-3 prompts for a TO cell. Point to the upper left corner of the entries' destination, and [Enter]:     V 1-2-3 automatically adjusts formulas to make the worksheet function exactly as before.  /wdr /@w@d@r  !{Deleting Rows -- The /Worksheet Delete Commandl Our /Move operation has created a "hole" in rows 3 and 4. Let's eliminate these rows, using the /Worksheet Delete command.` In㐞)voke the command: /Worksheet Delete Select Row deletion: Row 1-2-3 automatically anchors the pointer.% Expand it to indicate the unwanted rows:  Finish with [Enter]:   ... And Leave the Formula Adjustment to Usp Row deletion causes the entries below to move upward. Just as with the /Move command, 1-2-3 adjusts formulas to keep the worksheet working just as it did before. The whole idea is to relieve you of the burden of having to decide in advance exactly 㐞)how the worksheet will look. You are free to revise and rearrange as you proceed.  Inserting a Row -- The /Worksheet Insert Commandj Now that we've saved some space, we can afford the luxury of a separator line between the column headings in row 4 and the Year 1 figures.Y The /Worksheet Insert Row command is our tool.  /wir /@w@i@r CE34 >Es Move to one edge of the range where   rows are to be inserted: Invoke the command: /Works㐞)heet Insert RowT Expand the pointer to indicate where) blank rows are to be created. In this' case, no expansion is necessary, so finish:   Entering a Separator Line -- Repeating Labelsm The rows are separated by blank space. Now let's fill up the space with a horizontal line. 1-2-3 makes it easy, with "repeating labels" and the /Copy command. If you start a label with the prefix-character \ (backslash), 1-2-3 fills the cell by repeating the label text. Even if you c㐞 )hange the column-width, 1-2-3 always makes sure the cell is filled.  \- /c . \- /@c . 49:;)*/y{} Start the separator line by filling cell A5 with dashes.b Move to the cell where the line will begin:  Enter the "repeating label": \-^ To extend the line across the screen, we can! use the /Copy command: /Copy D  .      ]There! Our worksheet looks a good deal more professiona㐞*l now. Now that we've got our momentum going, let's tackle the task of extending the worksheet to handle longer-term loans.t This one will be easy. Just as we used the /Copy command to extend the analysis from 1 year to 5 years, we can use it again to extend the analysis to 20 years.  MEntering a Series of Numbers -- The /Data Fill commandd Recall that we entered the Year numbers 1 through 5 in column A by typing each one. Now, let's get 1-2-3 to do the work for us.d The /Data Fill 㐞*command enters a series of evenly-spaced numbers in any range. In this case, we want 6, 7, 8, ... , 20, starting in cell A11. $ /dfa11.a50 6 20 /@d@f@a11.@a50 6 20 DNOT>?@ABCDE./~nopInvoke the command:) /Data FillT 1-2-3 prompts for a range to fill. Let's type addresses to indicate a column that's more than long enough: A11.A50T 1-2-3 offers 0 as the START number. Reject this offer by typing a new 㐞*number:# 6 1-2-3 offers the right STEP value, so accept it:  1-2-3 will stop entering numbers when it reaches the STOP value, even if the range is not filled. Reject 1-2-3's offer by typing a new number: 20  Z_dAll that action occurred offscreen, so let's make sure that 1-2-3 has entered the numbers properly.} The [PgUp] and [PgDn] keys ("page up" and "page down") are two of the keys I hinted at earlier when I mentioned div㐞*iding a worksheet into "pages". (Remember, you must use [Shift] and the up/down arrow.) Try now:Q Move down by pages: PgDn PgDn PgDnY Just what we wanted! Move back up: PgUp PgUpmMaking Multiple Copies of a Row{ Now let's copy the entire row of formulas B10..E10 into row 11, row 12, etc. We can do it all in one step with the /Copy command -- the trick is to specify the TO range as an entire column instead of a single cell:Y In a /Copy operation, 1-2-3 places a complet㐞*e copy of the FROM range at each cell of the TO range. 2f B10C10E10ͻ FROM range: 1 row 'ͼ B10..E10\ TO range: 1 column B11..B252 B11'Ŀ 1-2-3 will make 'Ĵ  complete copies 'Ĵ  of FROM range 'Ĵ  : :' : 'Ĵ B25'Ĵ ͼ'  /c . /@c . 879;='w Move the pointer to a corner of the range$ to be copied:&    㐞*Invoke the /Copy command: /Copy Expand the pointer to indicate the FROM range:     Indicate the TO range, starting with an "anchor":  . Expand downward ... [PgDn] ... one more page ... [PgDn] Just right -- finish with : b Good work! You just saved yourself a whole bunch of keystrokes, letting 1-2-3 enter all those formulas for you.   20  20 ,")0The negative numbers (in pa㐞*rentheses) appear because we're having 1-2-3 calculate 20 years of payments on a 5-year loan. To bring things back into line, we just need to change the Years entry:m Move to the cell: [Home]     Type an entry: 20 "Page down" to check the final years: [PgDn] [PgDn] [PgDn]V Looks good! In year 20, the ending balance (Column C) is zero! $ /ca5.e5  /@c@a5.@e5  D"#rstuvw㐞*To put the icing on the cake, let's calculate overall totals for the yearly Total Paid and Interest columns (columns D and E). Neatness counts, though! We'll start by copying the row of separator dashes. For a change of pace, we'll type cell addresses for the FROM range and point to the TO range: Invoke the command: /Copy Type addresses to specify the FROM range: A5.E5 Move the pointer to cell A26, the upper     left corner of the TO range:     㐞 *  Good work, but let's take a time out here! Are your fingers tired? It took a lot of 's and 's to get to cell A26. As your worksheets grow larger and larger, you'll find that getting around can sometimes be a challenge. We've already used a few keys [Home] Jump to upper left corner that help you to get around [GoTo] Jump to a particular cell the worksheet quickly: [PgUp] ? [PgDn] Move vertically by "pages" Here's another ... The 㐞+[End] Key You can use the [End] ([Clear]) key in [End] [End] combination with any of the arrow keys: [End] [End]Z [End] works when you're moving around the worksheet AND when you're indicating ranges in commands. [End]-arrow makes the pointer jump or expand in a particular direction to "the end" -- the next boundary between an empty section and a non-empty section of the column or row:j non-empty ߴ5 section of ߴ Ŀ1 column  ߴ  [End]7 ߴ ͵? : : 㐞+ 1 empty  : :  [End]) section ߴ ͵1 of column ߴ  [End]7 ߴ ͵? : : [End]D L  (perhaps to bottom of worksheet)  Back to Work We'll use [End] quite a bit from now on, in this lesson and in Lessons E and F. In fact, we'll use it right now, as we return to the task at hand -- finding the sum of column D -- the Total Paid column.b The @SUM function does the job. In this case, we need to specify just one "argument" to this function -- t㐞+he entire range of column D figures:Z @SUM(range-spec)  ,lnMove to the Formula Cell ...~ Move to the proper cell using [End]: [End] END indicator appears in lower right corner" +j Press  to jump downward to "the end":  END indicator disappears5 } One cell further, and to the left:    @sum(.) @@@s@u@m(.) 8+{klP... And Type the Formula Type㐞+ the function name and "(": @SUM(\ Specify a range argument by pointing --) Move pointer to the last number in the column:   Anchor the pointer:! . Expand the pointer upward with [End]'s help: [End] ... oops -- a bit too far. Back up:  ^ End the formula:' )  /rfc /@r@f@c qDNumeric Formats Again To give this grand total the respect it's due, let's assign it the "Currency, 2 decimal places" format:v Start the com㐞+mand: /Range Format Currency Accept 1-2-3's offer (the "default"* value) to use two decimal places:  Press  to indicate the single cell: h Right!  /c  /@c  cCopying the Formula The Interest @SUM formula is exactly the same as the Total Paid formula:W "The sum of the values in this column,( starting 21 rows up and ending 2 rows up."j Since the Total Paid @SUM formula has relative cell addresses (no $'s), we can use the /Copy comm㐞+and: /Copy   Z 1-2-3 even copies the "Currency,2" format!  Handling a Large Worksheet In expanding the worksheet to accommodate a 20-year loan, we've increased its power as an analysis tool. But you might also say that we've made the worksheet too big for its britches:{ Since the worksheet takes up so many rows, we can't  view simultaneously the "input numbers" at the top   and the "bottom line" totals. e (Even when I get out of your way.)  Di㐞+fferent Ways to Format the "Window"u 1-2-3 offers two different solutions to this problem. Both have to do with altering the way the program uses the display screen as a "window" into the worksheet: Titles Freeze rows at the top of the worksheet and/or columns at the left edge of the worksheet.h Split-Screen Have the display screen show two different areas of the worksheet at the same time. cTitles The "Titles" facility allows us to freeze the top few rows of the worksheet o㐞+n the screen. Think of the rows as becoming an extension to the reverse-video border containing the column labels "A", "B", etc. This reduces the height of the window into the worksheet, but it allows us to scroll downward without losing sight of these rows. RMove the pointer just below the last of the rows to be "frozen":      /wth/@w@t@h  cIssue the command: /Worksheet Titles Horizontale  Row㐞 +s 1-5 are now "frozen" onscreen b15 %*[Move the pointer down, and watch how rows 1-5 remain "frozen":     D [End]a10 lNow move the pointer up a few times:       g Sorry... You can't move into the Titles area. Let's take a look at "Split-Screen", 1-2-3's other facility for viewing widely-separated parts of the worksheet at the s㐞,ame time. /wtc/@w@t@c   SFirst, though, we'll turn4 off the Titles facility: /Worksheet Titles Clear  YSplit-Screen Wouldn't it be terrific if 1-2-3 let us process the worksheet using two display screens? We could view a different part of the worksheet on each screen. Sorry, you can't have everthing! But 1-2-3 offers the next best thing: You can split the one screen you have, viewing a different part of the worksheet in each part. 㐞,a11 /wwh @a11 /@w@w@h$  TU _f The /Worksheet Window command is our tool for splitting the screen.U Move to the "split" location: [Goto] A11 Issue the command: /Worksheet Window Horizontal We can now move the cell pointer anywhere we want in either window. The [Window] key makes the pointer jump between windows.   VpTest it out: Move the pointer in upper window:   㐞,   Jump to the other window: [Window] ilor6Move the pointer in the lower window:      Now, we need only adjust the lower+ window so that the totals appear: [End] d Now, we're ready to do some "what-if"s.  60000 60000 (4?FHLMNOPQWe can use the worksheet now by making a change in the top window and watching the effect ripple throug㐞,h both windows:l [Window] [Home]   60$ 11.5% 12% 12.5% 11.5% 12% 12.5% D5789:;<CDEFMNOPQRDid you see the changes occur in both windows? Watch carefully as you try a few more changes:  11.5% 12% 12.5% Building a "What-If Table Well done! Of course, we could go on entering different interest rates in cell C2 all day long. For each rate, 1-2-3 wi㐞,ll dutifully recalculate the worksheet and display the effects on the Payment Amount, the Total Interest, etc.c But as soon as you enter a new interest rate, the figures pertaining to the old rate disappear. It would be a great convenience if 1-2-3 built a table showing the changes in several "output" values caused by changes in the interest rate.[ Can do! The /Data Table command constructs "what-if" tables that record how changes to one particular cell affect the value of formulas. In many㐞, contexts, this is called a "1-way sensitivity analysis". The /Data Table command is also capable of doing 2-way sensitivity analyses, showing how changes to two particular cells affect a formula that depends on them. But we'll stick with the simpler case.I've cleared split-screen for you.x Now, let's build a "Data Table". First, I'll present an overview of the information 1-2-3 needs. Then, we'll build the table.How to Define a "Data Table"~ Suppose we want to a㐞,nalyze the effect of % changes in the interest rate on:P 1. The monthly Payment Amount.| 2. The ratio of the Total Payments to the original Principal.[ Here's what 1-2-3 needs to know:z A list of interest rate values to be tested. These values will form the first column of our table.u Which particular "input cell" is to take on these values. In our worksheet, it's C2, the "Rate" value.l Formulas to evaluate using each test value of Rate. We'll use:_ +E2 This formula just copies the Paym㐞,ent amount +D27/C1 The ratio of the @SUM of the Total Paid figures to the Principaly The formulas are entered as "column headings" across the top of the table.Here's a diagram showing how the pieces fit together: Ŀ  We'll specify cell C2 as the "input cell" Rate  upper leftC corner cellB not used formulas entered at top of second and subsequent columns   4 ͻ/ ͼ/   /  1-2-3 will create  We'll specify the entire range 㐞 , table of values  as the "Table range"  in here / ͼ1 J first column: input values to be placed in the "input cell" $ a41 /rfp1  @a41 /@r@f@p1  D.5678%,67nprtvzLet's build the table in the range A41..C46. To ensure a good-looking result, we'll set numeric formats for the several parts of the table:U Move the pointer to the table area: [GoTo] A41a Set a "Percent" f㐞-ormat in the first, " column, where we'll enter the /Range Format Percent 1 Rate input values-- 11%, 11.5%, etc.:      * /rft /rff  /@r@f@t /@r@f@f  PEG%')+-/ "Text" format for the top row. These cells   will display the definitions of their formulas /Range Format Text rather than their values:  b "Fixed" format for the bod㐞-y of the table. L /Range Format Fixed 6        /df /@d@f Filling in the "Rate" Values~ Let's use the /Data Fill command again:  /Data FillO 1-2-3, always trying to be helpful, remembers that we issued a /Data Fill earlier in the session. So it reproposes the same Fill range. No harm done -- we can decline the offer.` Use [Backspace] to tell 1-2-3 to "forget that other range": Y  The pointer returns to the "cur㐞-rent cell". !. 11% .5% . 11% .5% <xyz{7 Indicate the range to be filled -- anchor the pointer and expand it: .     W Indicate the Fill parameters --{ START: Reject 1-2-3's offer by entering your own: 11%` STEP: Reject 1-2-3's offer by entering your own: .5%` STOP: This is an offer we can't refuse:   +e2 +d27/c1 +@e2 +@d27/@c1 <.㐞-0~nopqrstu Entering the Formulas. No problem here -- /Data Table formulas are the same as other formulas. There's no need to worry about "absolute" and "relative" cell addresses, either. Since we are not planning to /Copy these formulas elsewhere in the worksheet, we can enter formulas without $'s.S Enter the formula that brings down the Payment figure that 1-2-3 calculates in cell E2:  J +E2 Enter a formula to calculate the rati㐞-o of the Total Paid sum (cell D27) to the Principal (cell C1): L +D27/C1  /dt1. c2 /@d@t1. @c2 8?/168opqIssuing the /Data Table Command{ Invoke the command:( /Data Table Choose to create a table that processes 1 input cell: 1\ 1-2-3 prompts for a "Table range". Indicate the entire .   range -- including input values, formulas, and space  [End]  for the results -- as the "T㐞-able range":p Specify cell C2 as the "Input cell", the cell in which the Rate values are to be placed: C2  !#%')Done! I hope 1-2-3 didn't keep you waiting too long. It was doing quite a bit of work. In order to build the table, 1-2-3 had to recalculate the entire worksheet five times, one for each input value: 11%, 11.5%, etc.Z Take a look at some of the table entries:     b These entries are numbers, not formulas. This 㐞-means that you can't play "what-if" with a Data Table by recalculating the worksheet's formulas.   /df 8% /@d@f 8% $kmr   [aRecalculating the Data Table~ 1-2-3 comes to the rescue with the [Table] key. When you press this key in Ready mode, 1-2-3 repeats the most recent Data Table command. Let's give it a try. First, we change the input numbers by issuing a /Data Fill command with a new START value: Invoke the command: / Data Fill Reu㐞-se the same Table range: ! Enter a new START value: 8% Reuse the same STEP and STOP values:    /1-2-3 has filled in new interest rate "input values", according to our instructions. Now, a single keystroke does the trick.e Press [Table] to recalculate the table: [Table]f Easy!   3Well done! Since we've done it three times already, let's skip the /File Save step. I trust that you'll remember to save your work in "real life㐞 -". Well, perhaps I should remind you ... Please press [Space].l '& Don't forget to save your work & at the end of a real 1-2-3 session! & '?Lesson D -- Summary Moving entries to different cellsw Inserting and deleting rows} Entering "repeating" labels} Entering numbers with the /Data Fill commandl Copying entire ranges of entriesx Using Titles and Split-Screen{ Building a table using the /Data Table commandj Using the [Table] key㐞.,V 1 - 2 - 3 I N T E R A C T I V E T U T O R I A L_ A[ L E S S O N E --- H A N D L I N G A D A T A B A S E In this lesson, we'll build a database and use the /Data Sort and /Data Query commands to process it.} The last few lessons have dealt with the world of finance, in the form of a loan-analysis worksheet. Let's change pace for this lesson, and turn to the world of music. (Of course, all the 1-2-3 operations we perform here are equally applicable to finance, 㐞.music, sporting goods, and most other human endeavors.)Planning the Database Suppose you are the librarian of the world-famous Beaux Eaux Brass Ensemble. The group gives many different types of concert, so there is a need to play different types of music. Moreover, the pieces in the library have varying requirements as to number of players and the mix of instruments. Let's build a worksheet that will enable us to organize the library and to locate individual pieces based on 㐞.search criteria.h Each row in the worksheet will store information on one piece of music in the library. For each piece of music, we'll enter:k NAME! CO = concert, old COMPOSER CN = concert, new TYPE of piece, with these codes: S = specialty number Y Number of trumpets (TPT)3 Number of French horns (HN)0 Number of trombones (TBN)2 Number of tubas (TBA)6 OTHER (other instruments, miscellaneous notes)` /wey   Reminder n Before pr㐞.oceeding with this lesson, make sure that CAPS LOCK and SCROLL are turned off. For [PgUp] and [PgDn], you must use [Shift] and the up/down arrow key.T When you're ready to proceed, press [Space].  /frLESNE_1  lA Quick Start We'll pass over the first steps rather quickly. These steps use skills that we've already covered, and I'm sure you're as excited as I am about getting to "the good stuff".~ First, we enter overall title and column headings. Press [Space].Y㐞. There, that's done. Next, it makes sense to make the column widths fit the data. Once again, press [Space] to put me to work.   `Entering the Data Next, we need the data itself. I'll type them in as label entries and number entries. One more time, press [Space].m There's the database. For simplicity, I've entered only a handful of records, but 1-2-3 can accommodate up to 2000 (or so) in a single worksheet. Care to take a quick look, just to get better acquainted? 㐞.  *Browsing through the Database} We can see the first few data records in this first worksheet "page". Now move down to the succeeding pages:| [PgDn] [PgDn] [PgDn] Not exactly the "Top 40" hits. But don't worry -- 1-2-3 doesn't have much in the way of musical taste, one way or the other.*Databases -- Some Background Informationq Before we start using this database, allow me to present a brief lecture on databases in general -- just to make sure we㐞.'re all speaking the same language here. 4Ŀ A 1-2-3 DATABASE is a range of cells that stores  information organized into "records" and "fields".  4] Until you use the /Data commands, there is no difference between a database and any other set of entries. But when you perform a /Data command, 1-2-3 expects the information to be organized in a particular way. This scheme allows 1-2-3 to identify correctly the "records" and "fields" in the database when it performs a /Data c㐞.ommand. And it allows you to process individual cell entries in a database just as you do any other entries in the worksheet.Each Row is a "Record" All the data concerning a particular piece of music is located in one row.S EĿ When performing a Sort or Query operation, 1-2-3 considers each row  of a database to be a unit of related information -- a "record".  EQ   NAME COMPOSER TYPE TPT HN   Toccata Haine㐞 .s CN 2 2  this is a record    Contrapunctus I Bach CO 2 1  this is a record : : : : :g Many of the /Data operations deal with records as a whole:` /Data Sort rearranges records into a different order. /Data Query Find highlights entire records in the database. /Data Query Delete removes entire records from the database.Each Column is a "Field" The same type of information is entered in the same column for each recor㐞/d. Example: The number of trumpets ("TPT") is always entered in column D, even if some records have blank cells available to the left.W field field field field   NAME COMPOSER TYPE TPT HN   Toccata Haines CN 2 2  this is a record    : : : : :g In a database, each of these one-purpose-only columns is called a "field".N The label entries at the top (e.g. "TYPE") are called "field nam㐞/es".T Field names play an important role in /Data Query operations -- they are NOT there just for decoration: The top row of a 1-2-3 database MUST consist of field names ;Our First Job Enough lecturing -- let's start using the database. The first request arrives from the music director of the Brass Ensemble:h Maestro: "Get me a report that lists the entire library by composer."Q Here's our strategy: 1. Use the /Data Sort command to rearrange the records. 2. Use the /Print c㐞/ommand to produce the report.} Ŀ In this particular case, we want B B  to rearrange the records so that COMPOSER COMPOSER  when we read down column B, the Haines Anonymous  composer's names are in Anonymous Bach  alphabetical order. But, of Bach Haines  course, we want the field name Horovitz Horovitz  "COMPOSER" to remain at the top.  :  : . before Sort after SortR Since column B, th㐞/e "COMPOSER" field determines how the records will be sorted, it is called the "key". /ds/@d@s 45:Performing a /Data Sort Start by invoking the command: /Data Sort^ The Sort menu appears. As we enter the sort specifications, 1-2-3 will keep returning to this menu.~ Only when we select "Go" will 1-2-3 perform the sort operation and return to Ready Mode.  da4.h26 @d@a4.@h26  )Specifying the "Data-Range" We mu㐞/st tell 1-2-3 what range in the worksheet contains the records to be sorted. We DON'T include the field names row, since we want them to remain at the top of the database. Specify the Data-Range8 (let's type addresses): Data-Range A4.H26  p a @p @a  [\GSpecifying the "Key" The /Data Sort menu returns. Now, we can tell 1-2-3 which field to use as the "key" in reordering the records. 1-2-3 even lets us choose the order: ascending (A..Z) or㐞/ descending (Z..A).t Primary-Key (we can point to ANY- cell in the key column): Primary-Key  ` Sort order: Aq /dsg@g"Go" For It! We've completely defined the sort operation,! so let's "Go". Watch carefully, now. 1-2-3's fast! GoU Presto! 1-2-3 reorders the records alphabetically by composer.  ~Printing the Report Having sorted the records per Maestro's request, we're ready to print a report. Producing a report is similar to performing a so㐞/rt:_ 1. Define the print job by entering various specifications: range of cells to be printed, optional margin and page-length adjustments, etc.Z 2. When the job is completely defined, select "Go" to do the actual printing.  kDefining the Print Job The one required specification for a print job is a "Range" of cells to be printed. All other settings are optional.p We won't specify any options this time, so 1-2-3 will print according to the "default settings" (e.g. page-length = 66 l㐞/ines). You can control these default settings with the /Worksheet Global Default command.  I can't tell whether you have a printer in your system, so we'll simply simulate printing here. By the way, you can do print jobs even if no printer is available. Just choose to store print output in a "print file", for printing at a later time. ! /ppr. q/@p@p@r. @g@q<&-/25:v{}V Invoke /Print command㐞 / and choose direct printing: /Print PrinterV Specify the print "Range": Range   . [End]8 [End]  j Do the printing: Gow (This is the simulation step -- in "real life", you'd be printing now.)P Return to Ready Mode: Quit Our Second Job Now, another request arrives from the music director:g "Get me a report that lists all the pieces according to their type."T That means we'll need to sort the records in a different order. This time, we'll use colu㐞0mn C (the "TYPE" field) as the "key".j Question: The library has many pieces of each type. If two records are the same, which one should 1-2-3 put first?l That's where the "secondary" key comes in. (I'll bet you were wondering about this primary/secondary business...)u The Secondary-Key is a "tie-breaker" -- it determines the order of records that have the same Primary-Key value.i If two or more pieces "tie" because they have the same TYPE, we'll list them in order of their "NAME" entries. Tha㐞0t is, we'll make column A the Secondary-Key.Remembered Specifications 1-2-3 helps us out by remembering sort specifications. We won't need to indicate the Data-Range again, since we will be using the same range. We need only enter: The Primary-Key, because we want to change it.j The Secondary-Key, because we haven't specified one previously. <Ŀ To allow you to see how the sort operation reorders the  TYPE field, there is no instruction text on the next page. 㐞0  Only the key names are listed.  < /dsp a s a g/@d@s@p @a @s @a @g4BCHP \^cd The Second Sorting /Data Sort Primary-Key   A6 Secondary-Key  A Gop Good work! The "TYPE" field is in order.  \Print Again We're ready to print again. But let's skip it, in the interest of moving ahead to the /Data Query command.y I'll just mention that, once again, 1-2-3 helps out by remember㐞0ing previously-entered specifications. To produce another printout of the same area of the worksheet, it isn't necessary to indicate the "Range" again.  2Yet another request from the maestro:w "For the Washington High School concert, we need a piece that uses 3 trumpets. What's available?"{ This request takes us into the province of the /Data Query command. Let's pause to examine a few general points, then return to fulfill the maestro's request. The /Data Query Comma㐞0nds The /Data Query commands can process the same kind of database that we've already used with /Data Sort. Each row is a record, each column is a field. But there are a few important differences:i When you indicate the range to act as the Query database -- it's called the "Input" range -- you must include the row of field names at the top. In general, you DON'T want to sort the field names in among the records of the database! In addition to the Input range, you must specify a "Criterion㐞0" range. Like the Input range, its top row must be a set of field names. In the subsequent row(s), you specify the search criteria that 1-2-3 will use to locate records in the database.v In order to perform certain Query operations, you must specify a third range, "Output". Like the others, its top row must be a set of field names. This range is used to hold copies of records selected from the database.UWhat can the /Data Query commands do with a database? There are several /Dat㐞0a Query operations: FIND 1-2-3 points out, one-by-one, the Input range records that meet the criteria entered in the Criterion range._ DELETE 1-2-3 eliminates from the Input range all records that meet the criteria in the Criterion range.l EXTRACT 1-2-3 copies all records it would FIND to the Output range.U UNIQUE Same as EXTRACT, with an extra filtering to make sure no two copies in the Output range are the same.d That's quite a bit! Let's start simple by returning to the request at 㐞0hand.dDefining the Selection Criterionz First we need to rephrase the request in 1-2-3 terms:g Original Request: "For the Washington High School concert, we need a piece that uses 3 trumpets. What's available?"[ 1-2-3 Terms: Use the /Data Query Find command to locate all records with the number 3 in the "TPT" field.W Here's our strategy: Create a Criterion range. It will consist of copies of the Input range field names, along with the selection criterion.h Invoke the /Data 㐞 0Query command, and* - specify the Input range4 - specify the Criterion range0 - perform the Find operation.{ Ready?   /c a61 /@c @a61 ,')wx}Creating the Criterion Range~ The Criterion range's top row must contain the same field names (some or all) as the Input range's top row. We can ensure that by using /Copy.:T Move the pointer to the field names row:   Invoke /Copy and specify the FROM range: /Copy [End] 㐞1 Specify the destination: A61_ 1-2-3 has copied the field names row down to row 61 (trust me).  a61 3 @a61 3 ,&'()hEntering the Condition The complete story on specifying /Data Query criteria is a long one. But entering our single criterion is very simple:m Go to the Criterion range: [Goto] A61 Type the entry to be matched1 ("3") in the appropriate column:     3a That's it! The㐞1 Input and Criterion ranges are both ready for action.  /dqi. /dqi. 8"ry{}$ Invoke the /Data Query Command: /Data Querya (As with the Sort and Print operations,& 1-2-3 repeatedly returns to the Query menu.)l Indicate the Input range Input (including the field names row): [Home]   . [End]: [End]  ^ Next, the Criterion range ...  c. f @c. @f,㐞1 249;=' Indicate the Criterion range: Criterion (we include both the field names row     and the row containing the criterion) . [End]  \ Perform the Find operation: Findq 1-2-3 is now in "Find Mode"2  (Look for the mode indicator in the upper right corner.) Moving Around in Find Mode 1-2-3 highlights the first record in the database (Input range) that meets the criterion we entered.{ Now, you can use the 㐞1 and  keys to find other such records.] Give it a try on the next screen.    }$Let's see what we have:       r "Beep" means "no more matching records". Only 5 records meet the selection criterion. Either [Esc] or  ends the Find operation: [Esc]  q2 @q2 qraRepeat Performance Let's change the search criterion to "2 trumpets". 1-2-3 makes it easy:S Select "Quit" to return t㐞1o Ready Mode: Quitg Change the appropriate cell entry: 2g Press the [Query] key to repeat. the most recent Query operation: [Query]    The [Query] key has reinitiated Find) Mode. Let's see what we have:       ^ Lots of records!! Either [Esc] or ( ends the Find operation:   3 3 stpLet's change the Trumpet criterion back to "3", and move on to examine other /Data Quer㐞1y operations: 3'In a /Data Find operation, 'Ŀ1-2-3 merely points out Input range (data records) records. Suppose we want to ' impress the music director by ' sending him a computer-printed ' response to his request. 'We'll need to make copies of : : the "3-trumpet" records. (You 'Ŀmay recall that 1-2-3 found Criterion range (selection criteria) five of them during the "Find" 'operation.)% : :. 'ĿThat's where the Output rang㐞1e Output range (1-2-3 will copy comes in.  selected records here) $ 'M We need to: Create an Output range. Like the Input and Criterion ranges, its first row contains the field names.. Use the /Data Query Extract operation to copy the selected records to the Output range.7 Print the Output range.  /ca3.C3 /@c@a3.@C3 8,3579|}lCreating an Output Range Once again, the /Copy command ensur㐞1es that field names match. Just for a change of pace, I'll demonstrate a different technique for copying.U Move the pointer to the destination, not the source: [PgDn]     Invoke the /Copy command: /Copy Specify the FROM range by typing cell addresses: A3.C3 We're already at the destination, so press#  at the "TO range" prompt:    /dqo. e /@d@q@o. @e$qrw{Using /Data Query Extract This is a good op㐞 1portunity to take advantage of 1-2-3's memory for previously-entered specifications. Since we will be using the same Input and Criterion ranges as before, we need not respecify them.Y Invoke /Data Query command: /Data Query Indicate the Output range: Output .    Extract all five records: Extract rSome Notes on the Output Range| You probably noticed that we specified an Output range that doesn't include all the fields (columns) of the database. As a resul㐞2t, 1-2-3 made only a partial copy of each selected record.s In the Extract operation, 1-2-3 copies from each selected record only those fields whose "field name" is included in the Output range. F 3In general, you have even greater flexibility, although we didn't take advantage of it here: The fields in the output range need not be in the same left-to-right order as those in the Input range. 5_ The Output range is ready for printing. (But once again, let's dispense with th㐞2e Print step).More Sophisticated Conditions} We hope you're already impressed with 1-2-3's database capability. In case you need more convincing, though, let's take a longer look at the Criterion range and the record-selection process.i We used the Criterion range in the simplest way: an exact-match criterion on a single field. Let's build up a more sophisticated record-selection criterion step-by-step. We won't touch all the bases, but you should get a good feel for the enorm㐞2ous flexibility 1-2-3 offers."And" Conditions Suppose the music director had requested pieces that use 3 trumpets and 2 trombones. In 1-2-3 terms, this is two separate exact-match criteria, connected by AND: Find all records 1. With 3 in the "TPT" field ... AND( 2. With 2 in the "TBN" fieldi We can specify this compound criterion by entering a 3 in the "TPT" field AND a 2 in the "TBN" field in the same row.  q /dqq2 @q2 (2㐞2"#_Entering an "And" Condition Select "Quit" to return to Ready Mode: Quit Move to the appropriate column/field) in the Criterion range: [PgUp]       Enter the match value: 2f Done! Since we have entered both match values in the same row of the Criterion range, 1-2-3 connects the criteria together with "AND".  We could now locate all records in the database that satisfy this new criterion by reissuing the /Data Query Find command. 㐞2We needn't respecify the Input and Criterion ranges.q Even better, if "Find" was the most recent /Data Query operation, we could locate all records that satisfy the new criterion simply by pressing the [Query] key. But let's go forward to investigate other sophisticated criteria. Since I brought up the subject of AND, you may be wondering about OR.  "Or" Conditions Suppose we needed to locate pieces by Copland, by A. Gabrieli, or by G. Gabrieli. We can phrase this criterion in 1㐞2-2-3 terms as:^ Find all records ... that have Copland in the "COMPOSER" field OR ... whose "COMPOSER" field begins with "Gabrieli".R When two criteria are connected by OR, you must place them in different rows. That means we'll have to expand the Criterion range into row 63. < /re Copland Gabrieli* /@r@e Copland Gabrieli* t "#$%&'()*+ Er㐞2ase unwanted criteria: /Range Erase   X Type the match values in the appropriate% column/field, using two different rows:     Copland  Gabrieli* M The asterisk (*) after "Gabrieli" means "and so on".  /dqc f /@d@q@c @f# -/ Invoke the command: /Data Queryn Expand the Criterion range: Criterion  j Start the Find operation: Find   㐞2 Look for additional matching records:v       1-2-3 finds the pieces by both the Gabrielis, just as we wanted. The "beep" means no more matching records. Additional Types of Selection Criteriat All the criteria we've used so far have been "exact match" criteria. 1-2-3 is also capable of processing other types of criteria:^ Approximate and "Not" Matches0 0 Find all records whose NAME entries start with "F". Find all records whose NAME entries DON'T start 㐞 2with "F". Delete all records whose COMPOSER entries are exactly four characters long. These criteria are created with the aid of special characters:\ ? Matches any single character.- * Matches any number of characters. (Must be last character) ~ Selects fields that DON'T match the pattern that follows. (Must be first character)~ For details, see the "Data Commands" chapter of the 1-2-3 User's Manual.wNumeric Comparisons: : Extract all pieces that use 3 or more trumpets㐞3. Find all pieces that use more trombones than trumpets. Find all quintets. (The numbers in the TPT, Hrn, TBN, and TBA fields add up to 5.) You specify a numeric comparison criterion with a special kind of formula, a "logical formula". Instead of having a value like 458.12 or 1001, a logical formula has the value TRUE or FALSE.n ABCDEFG    1 NAME COMPOSER TYPE TPT HN TBNTBA   㐞3 2      R +D2>=3 "The number in the TPT field is greater than or equal to 3" +F2>D2 "The number in the TBN field is greater than that in the TPT field" +D2+E2+F2+G2=5 "The sum of all the instrument number entries is 5"$As you might suspect, we've just taken a peek at a rich topic, an area in which 1-2-3 reaches its greatest sophistication.j Rather than bowl you over with details, I'll end the lesson here, hoping㐞3 that you take the time to look at the "Data Commands" and "Entering Formulas" chapters.Lesson E -- Summary Databases, composed of "records" and "fields".j Sorting the records in a database, using a primary and optional secondary "key" (the /Data Sort command).o Printing a cell range (the /Print command).m Processing records from a database that meet various "selection criteria" (the /Data Query command).t The "Input" range contains the database itself.i The "Criter㐞3ion" range contains the selection criteria. Individual selection criteria can be exact matches, approximate matches, or numeric comparisons. If you specify several criteria, they form a compound criterion: AND, OR.m Optional "Output" range receives (partial) copies of selected records.R The /Data Query operations that process these ranges are: Find, Extract, Unique, Delete.㐞3V 1 - 2 - 3 I N T E R A C T I V E T U T O R I A Lb ;i L E S S O N F --- G R A P H I N G In this lesson, we'll investigate many of 1-2-3's graphing features. These features include: Graphing both in black & white and in colorm Two-screen graphing Using up to six sets of numeric data on the same graphb Instant updating of a graph to reflect changes in datab Creating a set of graphs for the worksheet, using "graph names"` /wey   Reminde㐞3r n Before proceeding with this lesson, make sure that CAPS LOCK and SCROLL are turned off. For [PgUp] and [PgDn], you must use [Shift] and the up/down arrow key.T When you're ready to proceed, press [Space]. /frLESNF_1 F1 :Starting Simple Here is a simple worksheet. Let's draw the simplest graph possible -- no frills, no options, just a straightforward graph.k :Ŀ  Our mission   :  To create a bar graph depicting the sales performance of  the London㐞3 office during the four sales periods.  :How 1-2-3 Creates Graphs In general, a graph is a picture that represents a group of numbers. In particular, a 1-2-3 bar graph is a picture that uses vertical bars to represent the values stored in one or more cell ranges.c With /Graph commands, you identify a cell range as a "graph data" range. Up to six of them -- A,B,C,D,E,F -- can be included in each bar graph.)Q At your command, 1-2-3 draws the graph. The value of each num㐞3ber and formula in the range is indicated by the height of a bar:d Ŀ this bar corresponds( 915.67  to 915.67, Ĵ  corresponds 650.02  to 812.55 Ĵ  corres.  No report  to  Ĵ  650.02  812.55      "Graph data range"  label and blank cells (can be any cell range) are equivalent to zero CUsing Graph Commands Graph comma㐞 3nds work in exactly the same way as other 1-2-3 commands. You select commands from menus in the control panel, indicate cell ranges when 1-2-3 prompts you, and select whatever graphing options you like. Then, you issue a "View" command to have 1-2-3 draw the graph.Z >Ŀ Throughout this lesson, we'll select 1-2-3 commands by the "type-the-first-letter" method. As always, you'll be able to switch freely in a real 1-2-3 session between this method and the "move-the-poin㐞4ter-and-" method. >  /gtba. /@g@t@b@a. 0H()*+,-. Select the /Graph command: /Graph At the /Graph main menu, choose to+ specify the graph Type: Type 1-2-3 offers five graph types -- select Bar: Bara The /Graph main menu returns. Choose to specify an "A" range of data values: A Indicate the "A" data range -- the London$ figures in cells C2..F2: .[ Once again, the /Grap㐞4h main menu reappears." We're ready to view the graph.Viewing the Graph -- Hardware Configurationsn TWO-SCREEN SYSTEM. You're now reading the monochrome display, and 1-2-3 is about to draw a graph on the color display. After you draw a graph, just continue typing. SINGLE SCREEN. Every time 1-2-3 draws a graph, you can press any key to clear the graph and return to the lesson. (You may need to clear the graph screen like this one or more times when you use my "Page back" and "P㐞4age ahead" functions.)~ v@vU 8 6   Here goes ...  6   Select View to have 1-2-3 draw the graph:  6  6   View  6  6(b. c. v@b. @c. @vH  !#GMultiple Sets of Data Representing several sets of data on the same graph is easy. 1-2-3 can show up to six data ranges at once. In addition to an A-range of 㐞4data values, you can specify B-, C-, D-, E-, and F-ranges.e Let's define Bath's figures as the B-range and Edinburgh's as the C-range:P Bath: B  . [End] f Edinburgh: C  . [End] f Redraw the graph: View The [Graph] Key Let me pause here to make an important point. The graph settings you've entered are cell ranges, not particular values. You can change values stored in the A-range, B-range, etc., without invalidating the graph se㐞4ttings. In fact, you can redraw a graph after modifying values with a single keystroke. Pressing the [Graph] key in Ready mode automatically draws a graph according to the current graph settings. If any values in the graph data ranges have changed, you'll see a new graph.-q95100 -10190 @q95100 #-10190 #TI9:;<=>ipGive it a try: "Quit" to Ready Mode: Quit London's㐞4 Oct-Dec figure was entered incorrectly. Better fix it:' K 95100 View the graph with the revised data. Watch how the leftmost bar grows: [Graph]\ An amended report from Bath contains) a revised figure -- a loss! Install it:  -10190W Redraw the graph (watch the 2nd bar): [Graph]/gocqv /@g@o@c@q@v(xColor and B&W 1-2-3's natural inclination is to graph in B&W, using a different black-and-white shading patte㐞4rn for each of the data ranges. But 1-2-3 can also use color to distinguish among the data ranges:b Reinvoke the /Graph command: /Graph Move to the Options menus: Options Select "Color":% Color Select "Quit" to return to the /Graph main menu: Quit Redraw the graph:# View` If you have a B&W monitor, you saw the bars in bright green.q87900 /gobqtsv@t@s@v 7 Switching Types of Graph In a Stacked-Bar graph, the bars for the A, B, and C ranges a㐞4re arranged vertically instead of side-by-side. Changing graph types is easy:Y Select Type at the /Graph main menu: Type Select the "Stacked-Bar" type: Stacked-Bar Redraw the graph:" Viewa In our example, this type of graph has the virtue of showing the total sales figure for each sales period., (Did you notice that I changed the Bath value for Oct-Dec back to original figure? Negative values don't stack very well!) tbx. v @x. @v &')+0㐞 42vAdding Labels 1-2-3 can add labels to graphs in several different ways. For instance, in bar graphs, we can take a range of entries from the worksheet and "paste" them along the X-axis (horizontal). Just define the range of entries as the "X" data range:| Choose to define the "X" range: X Indicate the range B1..E1:  . [End]  Redraw the graph:! Viewb 1-2-3 places the entries along the X-axis, so that each one labels a bar (or, since I sneakily switched b㐞5ack to the "Bar" type, one set of bars).Overall Titles The X-range entries act as labels for particular (sets of) bars. 1-2-3 also can produce overall "titles" -- labels for the graph as a whole:U A two-line graph title can be placed at the top of the screen. 1-2-3 automatically centers each line of the title.e A one-line title can be placed on each axis, horizontal (X-axis) and vertical (Y-axis). Each title line can be up to 40 characters long.(otxSales P㐞5eriod qv@o@t@xSales Period @q@vH8(fWe'll start with the axis titles. We can specify them through the /Graph Options menu: Move to the Options menus: Options Select "Titles":$ Titles Select an axis:% X-axis Type up to 40 characters of title text: Sales Period Select "Quit" to return to the main /Graph menu: Quit Redraw the graph:# Viewotf\a1 @o@t@f\㐞5@a1  !g  Let's get fancy in creating the two-line graph title. The "First" title appears at the top of the screen, automatically centered. The "Second" title appears just below it. Instead of typing the texts of these titles at 1-2-3's prompt, we'll specify cells in the worksheet where the title texts are stored -- cells A1 and A2.Q Select the top-line title: Options Titles FirstR Enter the cell location of the title text.# To inform 1-2-3 tha㐞5t this is a cell address, not just a two-letter title, we precede the address with a special character, backslash (\): \A1  ts\a2 qv @t@s\@a2 @q@v NOPQs Select the second-line title: Titles SecondQ Enter the location of the title text, again using "\": \A2X Return to the /Graph main menu and redraw: Quit View Note the similarity between this "indirect titles" facility and specifying an X-range of labels. In both 㐞5cases, we are able to "paste" certain cell entries directly onto the graph.olaLon @o@l@aLon opqrLegends With several ranges on the graph, it would be handy to have "legends" to remind us of which color (or B&W shading pattern) represents which city. The /Graph Options Legends command handles this task:^ Move to the Options menus: Options_ As with titles, you can define a legend in either of two ways: Ŀ@ 1. Type Select "Legends":㐞5 Legends the text Select the "A" range for legend assignment: A Type the legend text: Lon lb\b3 qv @l@b\@b3 @q@v Q Ŀ> 2. Use a Select "Legends": Legends cell entry Select the "B" range for legend assignment: B Enter the cell address where the legend& text is stored, starting with "backslash": \B3U (We'll omit Edinburgh -- with our apologies -- just as a reminder that YOU 㐞5choose what to include or omit from a graph.)} Return to the /Graph main menu: Quit Redraw, with the legends installed: ViewBPrinting Graphs Now that we've created a feature-loaded graph, how about getting a printout? 1-2-3 has the command /Graph Save, which stores the currently displayed image in a "picture file". After you've ended the 1-2-3 session, you can use the PrintGraph program to produce a printout of one or more graphs.Named Graphs When you 㐞5store a worksheet with /File Save, 1-2-3 stores the current graph settings, too. At a later time, redrawing the graph requires just a /File Retrieve and a press of the [Graph] key.r But we've already drawn SEVERAL graphs using this worksheet's data. It would be a great convenience to be able to switch back and forth among these graphs quickly. You can do it, using "named graphs".The /Graph Name Create command assigns a name up to 15 characters long to the current set of graph s㐞 5ettings. The idea is to assign different names to different groups of settings.z Issuing a /Graph Name Use command reinstates a named group of settings and automatically redraws the graph. You can modify the settings, then save them again under the same graph name.u 1-2-3 records all graph names in the worksheet files created with /File Save and /File Xtract.nu nu  @n@u @n@u nSwitching Graphs with /Graph Name Useu I've been secretly assign㐞6ing graph names to some of the graphs we've drawn in this lesson. Let's travel down memory lane by redrawing these graphs. It's easy -- when we invoke the /Graph Name Use command, 1-2-3 allows us to select a named graph from a menu of existing named graphs:S Invoke /Graph Name Use: Name Usef First, we drew a very simple graph: k Next, we added Bath and Edinburgh: Name Use -nu nu nu @n@u #@n@u #@n@u #T㐞6>CHIJKLO Then, we added an X-range of labels: Name Use _ Getting fancy, we added titles ... Name Use ] ... and legends: Name Use ,We could add even more features to our bar graph, but things are getting a bit crowded. So let's double back to cover some points we missed the first time around. In particular, we've looked only at "Bar" and "Stacked-Bar" graphs so far. 1-㐞62-3 can draw several other types of graph, as well.Pie Charts The very first graph we drew represents a single range of numeric values as a set of vertical bars. "Pie charts" are an alternative way of picturing a single set of data.{ As with bar graphs, you can use a range of "X" values as labels. With pie charts, there is no horizontal axis -- 1-2-3 places these labels next to the corresponding pie slices.u Unlike bar graphs, a pie chart can represent only a single value range㐞6. There's no way to draw two pies at once, or to have "two-flavored" pie slices.rg@r@gTo define the pie chart, let's start over. We can use the /Graph Reset command to cancel graph settings:y Select "Reset":) Reset Select "Graph" to cancel ALL settings at once: Graph[ When you cancel all graph settings at once, 1-2-3 automatically erases the graphics screen (if you have one).t The other Reset choices cancel the setting for the individual data ranges.㐞6.  ac2..f2 xc1..f1 v  @a@c2..@f2 @x@c1..@f1 @vT(xyz{|}~Now, we begin again. Just for a change of pace, I'll have you point to menu selections and type range specifications:l Select "Type":& [Home]  Select "Pie":'  ` (Did you remember how [Home] [End], , and  work in command menus?)T Choose to specify the "A" range: A Type a range specification: C2..F2㐞6 Define the "X" range labels as with Bar graphs: X C1..F1 Draw the graph:% View  1-2-3 displays the percentages automatically.$Bc3.f3 olaLon lbBath qtlofgsqqv@t@l@v vLine Graphs A third way to picture our sales data is with a "Line" graph. Instead of representing each value with a solid bar, 1-2-3 represents it with a single symbol. I've re-entered the "B" range and the "A" and "B" legends, but left it for you to change the graph type:㐞6y Select Type at the /Graph main menu: Type Select the "Line" type: Line Redraw the graph:! View2ofglqqvofgbqqvofgnqdah1..k1 abh2..k2 aqqv  d"Now this doesn't look especially like a line graph. Displaying "symbols-only" is one of four options with a line graph. Press [Space] a few times and I'll show you the other three:d Press [Space]: Line-only2 Press [Space]: Both7 Press [Space]: Neither, but with Data-Labels|Each data ra㐞6nge has its own graphing symbol, just as it had its own color or shading pattern in a bar graph. In the final case, no symbols appear at all. They've been replaced by a range of entries, specified with /Graph Options Data-Labels.z Using "Data-Labels" is yet another facility for pasting cell entries onto the graph. With X-range labels and with "indirect" titles and legends, the entries appear outside the actual graph. But Data-Labels are pasted right onto the graph itself, where the Format sym㐞 6bols appear. You may use Data-Labels as an alternative to lines and symbols, or in conjunction with them.XY Graphs 1-2-3 can draw one more type of graph, called "XY". We've saved it for last because it's different from all the other types in a basic way.[ Bar graphs and line graphs represent a set of numeric values as vertical distances. There is only one numeric scale in these graphs, along the vertical axis. The horizontal axis does not indicate any numeric quantity.O In pi㐞7e charts, this "one-dimensional" quality is even more apparent. Each value in the range is represented by a distance around the circle.X Example: In a bar graph, 1-2-3 creates bars that are evenly spaced along the X-axis. That's purely for aesthetic effect -- the meaning would be the same if the bars were unevenly spaced, or if they were in a different order.Q  $               㐞7     ! uneven spacing different order  OTwo Equivalent Bar Graphs Let's get more specific: I'll show you two bar graphs that convey the same information, because there is no "natural" order to put the bars in, from a numerical point of view. In general, it's up to YOU to invent a meaningful order for the bars in such a graph -- for instance, alphabetical order. /frLESNF_2 /dsg㐞7 # #zz#gg Press [Space] to view the first graph.r Press [Space] and I'll resort the rows by name.~ (I chose descending order, just for fun.)\ Now press the [Graph] key to draw the second graph.  XY graphs, on the other hand, are two-dimensional. The graph does not represent a group of single values as vertical distances. Instead, each "data point" of an XY graph represents a PAIR of values -- the combination of a horizontal (X-axis) distance and a㐞7 vertical (Y-axis) distance.W In any XY graph, the horizontal axis is no longer for-labels-only. It's a numeric scale, just like the vertical axis.    Example: Suppose we added each salesperson's salary to the worksheet pictured above. Press [Space], and I'll provide some salaries.\ There. Now we can have 1-2-3 pair the Salary figures (column D) with the Sales figures (column C), producing an XY graph.  .Planning the XY Graph The Sales figures will be the A-㐞7range. That's just the way it was in the bar graphs we viewed. But we'll have to change the X-range definition: In the bar graphs, the Codes in column B formed the X-range. Now, we want the Salary figures in column D, to form the X-range.  We CAN retain the codes in the graph, though. They won't be labels along the horizontal axis. Instead, we'll "paste" these entries right onto the graph itself, next to the data points.t That is, we'll assign the range of codes to be the "Data-Label㐞7s" for the A-range values.   /gtxx . /@g@t@x@x . 0,lnsu> Select the "XY" graph type: /Graph Type XYZ Choose to specify the X-range: X 1-2-3 displays the existing X-range definition -- Unexpand the cell pointer with [Esc]: [Esc] Move to the top of the Salary column:  Anchor the pointer, expand downward, and [Enter]: . [End]  oda. aqqv@o@d@a. @a@q@q@㐞7v4 #$&(-/s Assign the Codes column as Data-Labels Options Data-Labels for the A-range: AL  . [End]  Choose to place labels above data points: Above Return to the /Graph main menu: Quit Quit And finally, draw the XY graph: View q/dsd p a g@q _<Don't Panic. This is just a rather dramatic demonstration that the order of the X-range entries DOES matter in an XY graph. To fix things up, 㐞7I'll rearrange the table so that the X-range (Salary column) entries are in order. Return to Ready Mode: Quit Press [Space] and I'll do the rearranging. It was easy -- I just issued a /Data Sort command, specifying column D as the Primary-Key. See Lesson E for a discussion of sorting.\ Now, we can see a straightened-out XY graph" simply by pressing [Graph]: [Graph]c Much better!Lesson F -- Summary In our tour of 1-2-3's graphing capability, 㐞 7we've seen these features:T Different graph types: Bar, Stacked-Bar, Line, Pie, XY.a Using several "graph data ranges" in the same graph.d Using the [Graph] key to update a graph when changes occur in the graph data. Using graph names to define a set of graphs.l Graphing both in black & white and in color.wThat's all there is! I hope that these tutorial lessons have been beneficial. (I even hope they've been a little bit of fun.)s We haven't explored all of 1-2-3's featu㐞8res -- that takes more than just a few hours. If you've "got the feel" of things and you're ready to plunge in, then we can count the experience a success. C  C Bye! C  C / B b  !B!!!!"!#B"%b"")"+"-"/1"#3B#5b#7##;#=#?㐞8qAFͻ [Space]=Continue [PgDn]=Page ahead [PgUp]=Page back [Esc]=Quit Press [Esc] to return to menu ##ccY T U T O R I n t e r a c t i v e T u t o r i a l f o r 1 - 2 - 3V Lb Choose a lesson by typing its letter: or< press the [Esc] key to end TUTOR A Getting Started9 B The Loan-Analysis Worksheet -- I( C The Loan-Analysis Worksheet -- II' D The Loan-Analysis Worksheet -- III& E Handling a Database5 F Graphing㐞8e#G!APR Text DisplayP!2!>!S!"a!"k!!!!3"!"|"!"""J2z2p pp 0xx00x0x00x0xx0xx3yy3`0㐞800000xx00~~0x000x0 xx0x000x0x00000000000000x0 ``   㐞8 pppp 0000000000H0000`0xx`0 0`0``00xx0000000㐞80000`0 08<0000000x  `000000`<00000000㐞8`0  0` 0``0 00000x  L|L   L|L |x000000000x|l<<l㐞8  l20000000xx0x0xx0000x`0 xx㐞 8 0`x`````````x p00 @| |  p|<| |0080000x| l<l㐞98000000000x  8 000000x0pp`000000000㐞900000000000000000x`x`0 8l||0`|xx| `x p  0` 80000x㐞98l80000x0`80000xxxxx`0 | 6vlfffffff p0`8l0`0000㐞9x0000~|00000006`0|`080000x`0`0<`|f<fff<~00000 l0`㐞9 l00000000000fffccccccccUUUUUUUUcccccccc00000000000000000000000??0000000000000?00?000000?00?000000㐞9000000?00???0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000  㐞9 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000??0000000㐞9ff  0`0 ffff< 00000xx0ppx 0||㐞 9vvv`0000x ~ xx000000 0`0 `0 0`0000000000000000000000660000<ff<000```````nlxp㐞:;fffff6 &>@ `H(hy42$x43$S2. 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